JNiiOF iORONTO IO-D ADV DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY TOM TYTLER DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY EDITED BY SIDNEY LEE VOL. LVII. TOM TYTLER LONDON SMITH, ELDER, & CO., 15 WATERLOO PLACE iSOQ DA 18 .04 v.57 LIST OF WBITEES IN THE FIFTY-SEVENTH VOLUME. A. A THE KEY. CANON AINGER. G. A. A. . . G. A. AITKEN. J. G. A. . . J. G. ALGER. W. A. J. A. . W. A. J. ARCHBOLD. W. A WALTER ARMSTRONG. M. B Miss BATESON. E. B THE EEV. EONALD BAYNE. T. B THOMAS BAYNE. C. E. B. . . C. EAYMOND BEAZLEY. C. B PROFESSOR CECIL BENDALL. H. L. B. . . THE EEV. CANON LEIGH BEN- NETT. G. C. B. . . THE LATE G. C. BOASE. T. G. B. . . THE EEV. PROFESSOR BONNEY, F.E.S. G. S. B. . . G. S. BOULGER. T. B. B. . . T. B. BROWNING. E. I. C.. . . E. IRVING CARLYLE. W. C-K. . . WILLIAM GARB. M. C-Y.. . . MILLER CHRISTY. E. C-E. . . . SIR ERNEST CLARKE, F.S.A. A. M. C. . . Miss A. M. CLEKKE. T. C THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A. J. S. C. . . . J. S. COTTON. W. P. C. . . W. P. COURTNEY. L. C LIONEL GUST, F.S.A. H. D HENRY DAVEY. C. D CAMPBELL DODGSON. E. G. D. E. D. . . F. G. E. C. L. F. C. H. F. W. G. D. M. F. . . . E. GORDON DUFF. . . ROBERT DUNLOP. . . F. G. EDWARDS. . . C. LITTON FALKINER. . . C. H. FIRTH. F. THE EEV. W. G. D. FLETCHER. T. F. E. G. . . A. G. . . E. E. G. A. H-N.. C. A. H. T. F. H. W. A. S. W. H. . C. L. K. J. K. L. T. G. L. E. L. . . S. L. . . E. M. L. J. E. L. M. MAcD M. M. . . PROFESSOR MICHAEL FOSTER, F.E.S. . . THE EEV. THOMAS FOWLER, D.D., PRESIDENT OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD. . . EICHARD GARNETT, LL.D., C.B. . . THE EEV. ALEXANDER GORDON. . . E. E. GRAVES. . . ARTHUR HARDEN, M.Sc., PH.D. . . C. ALEXANDER HARRIS. . . T. F. HENDERSON. H. PROFESSOR W. A. S. HEWINS. . . THE EEV. WILLIAM HUNT. . . C. L. KINGSFORD. . . PROFESSOR J. K. LAUGHTON. . . T. G. LAW. . . Miss ELIZABETH LEE. . . SIDNEY LEE. . . COLONEL E. M. LLOYD, E.E. . . J. E. LLOYD. . MICHAEL MACDONAGH. . SHERIFF MACKAY. VI List of Writers. E. C. M. . . E. C. MARCHANT. A. M-K.. . . SIR ALFRED MILNER, G.C.M.G. C. M COSMO MONKHOUSE. N. M NORMAN MOORE, M.D. G. H. M. . . G. H. MURRAY, C.B. E. N MRS. NEWMARCH. A. N ALBERT NICHOLSON. E. T. N. . . E. T. NICOLLE. G. LE G. N. . G. LE GRYS NORGATE. K. N Miss KATE NORGATE. D. J. O'D. . D. J. O'DONOGHUE. F. M. O'D. . F. M. O'DONOGHUE, F.S.A. A. F. P. . . A. F. POLLARD. S. L.-P. . . . STANLEY LANE-POOLE. B. P Miss BERTHA PORTER. D'A. P. ... D'ARCY POWER, F.E.C.S. E. L. E. . . MRS. EADFORD. F. E FRASER EAE. W. E. E. . . W. E. ERODES. J. M. E. . . J. M. EIGG. T. S THOMAS SECCOMBE. C. F. S. . . Miss C. FELL SMITH. G. W. S. . . THE EEV. G. W. SPROTT, D.D. L. S LESLIE STEPHEN. C. W. S. . . C. W. SUTTON. J. T-T. . . . JAMES TAIT. D. LL. T. . D. LLEUFER THOMAS. T. F. T. . . PROFESSOR T. F. TOUT. E. F. T. . . E. F. TURNER. J. A. T. . . J. A. TWEMLOW. L. C. T. . . MRS. TYNDALL. A. E. U. . . A. E. URQUHART, M.D. E. H. V. . . COLONEL E. H. VETCH, E.E., C.B. W. W. W. . CAPTAIN W. W. WEBB, M.D., F.S.A. S. W STEPHEN WHEELER. B. B. W. . . B. B. WOODWARD. W. W. . WARWICK WROTH, F.S.A. DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY Tom Tom TOM or THOM, JOHN NICHOLS (1799-1838), impostor and madman, was baptised on lONov. 1799 at St. Columb Major in Cornwall. His father, William Tom, kept an inn called the Joiner's Arms, and was also a small farmer. His mother, Charity, whose maiden name was Bray, died in the county lunatic asylum. John was educated at Bellevue House academy, Penryn, and at Launceston under Richard Cope [q. v.] From 1817 to 1820 he was clerk to F. C. Paynter, a solicitor at St. Columb. and, after acting as innkeeper at Wadebridge for a few months, he became clerk to Lubbock & Co., wine merchants, Truro, in whose employ he re- mained until 1826. In that year, with the assistance of his wife, Catherine Fisher, daughter of William Fulpitt of Truro, to whom he was married in February 1821, and who brought him a handsome fortune, he set up in Truro on his own account as a maltster and hop-dealer, and built himself a house in Pydar Street. From an early age he showed a tendency to political and religious enthu- siasm. When on a visit to London in 1821 he joined the Spencean Society, founded by Thomas Spence [q. v.] About the beginning of 1832 he is said to have had an epileptic fit, and was regarded by his family as of unsound mind. He disappeared from Cornwall, and is next heard of at Canterbury in August 1832. His own story of intermediate travels in the Holy Land is purely fictitious. He now as- sumed the name of SirWilliam Percy Honey- wood Courtenay, by which he was after- wards known, and claimed to be heir to the earldom of Devon, a title which had been restored to the third Viscount Courtenay in the previous year. He also (inconsis- tently) claimed the Kentish estates of Sir Edward Hales, sixth baronet, who had died VOL. LVII. ** * without issue in 1829. Other names under which he passed were the Hon. Sydney Percy, Count Moses Rothschild, and Squire Thompson. He persistently styled himself knight of Malta, and sometimes king of Jerusalem, but during this period he seems to have made no assertion of a divine mis- sion. The Canterbury people of all classes were at once won over by his handsome face and figure, his strange oriental garb, and his apparent generosity, which was really derived from loans raised out of his credulous followers. At the general election of De- cember 1832 he was nominated for Canter- bury, and actually polled 375 votes ; but when standing for East Kent a few days later he obtained only four supporters. In March 1833 he started a paper at Canter- bury, called ' The Lion,' of which eight numbers in all appeared. The contents, written by himself, are commonplace ap- peals to political and religious ignorance, with some fictitious autobiographical details. In February of that year he had given evidence in defence of some smugglers at Rochester, on which he was subsequently indicted for perjury. He swore that he had witnessed the fight between the revenue officers and smugglers off the Goodwin Sands on a certain Sunday, when he was proved to have been present at church near Canter- bury. At the Maidstone assizes, held in July, he was convicted and sentenced to three months' imprisonment and seven years' transportation. However, under medical certificate he was presently placed in the county lunatic asylum at Banning Heath. Here he remained for four years, conducting himself with propriety. He was even allowed to issue a wild address to the citi- zens of Canterbury in November 1835, re- Tom Tombes commending a list of candidates for the town council, and, what is yet more strange, these candidates (including a doctor and two ministers) adopted this address as their own. In August 1837 his father, who had at last learnt what had become of him, peti- tioned the home secretary (Lord John Rus- sell) for his release, backed by a letter from his former employer, Edward Turner (a partner in the firm of Lubbock & Co.), M.P. for Truro. A free pardon was granted in October, with an order that he should be delivered to his father. Unfortunately he was handed over to one of his former supporters, George Francis of Fairbrook, near Canterbury, who shared his religious delusions, and is believed to have lent him large sums of money. The circumstances of his release subsequently gave rise to a debate in parliament. For some three months he lived with Francis, and then moved to a neighbouring farmhouse on the high road between Canterbury and Favers- ham. Here he began to preach commu- nistic doctrines, and to assert that he was the Messiah. He showed the stigmata on his hands and feet, and professed to work miracles. Disciples gathered round him to the number of more than a hundred, He armed them with cudgels and led them about the country side, mounted on a white horse, with a flag bearing the emblem of a lion. No breach of the peace, however, oc- curred until a warrant was issued against him on the charge of enticing away the labourers of a farmer. When constables came to serve the warrant, Tom shot one of the party and cruelly mangled the dying man. This was in the early morning of 31 May 1838. That afternoon two com- panies of the 45th regiment were marched out from Canterbury to arrest him. They found him, with his followers, lurking in Blean Wood, near Hern Hill. He rushed forward with a pistol and shot an officer, Lieutenant Henry Boswell Bennett. Im- mediately after wards Bennett received a fatal wound from another hand. The soldiers were ordered to return the fire and charge with the bayonet. The affair was quickly over. Tom, with eight of the rioters, was killed on the spot, and of seven who were wounded three died a few days after. Of those taken three were subsequently sentenced to trans- portation and six to a year's hard labour ; not one was hanged. Tom was buried in the churchyard of Hern Hill with maimed rites, and his grave was guarded that his fol- lowers might not assert he had risen on the third day. The spot where he fell is marked on the ordnance map as ' Mad Tom's Corner,' and a gate close by is still called Courtenay's Gate. Tom was a tall man, of fine presence, with a full beard, and is said to have borne a striking resemblance to the traditional representations of Christ. A portrait of him, painted in watercolours by H. Hitchcock, a Canterbury artist, shows him in eastern dress and scimitar, looking something like Henry VIII. His earlier imposture forms the subject of a ballad entitled l The Knight of Malta ' in Harrison Ainsworth's ' Rook- wood.' [Contemporary newspapers, particularly the Times and the Lion, ut supra ; Essay on the Character of Sir "W. Courtenay, Canterbury, 1838 ; Life and Adventures of Sir W. Courtenay, by Canterburiensis, with portrait and illustra- tions, containing much material supplied by Tom himself, Canterbury, 1838 ; History of the Canterbury Eiots, by the Rev. J. F. Thorpe, 1888 ; A Canterbury Tale of Fifty Years Ago,' reprinted from the Canterbury Press, containing narratives by survivors of the tragedy (1888); Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. i. 724-7 ; personal inquiries.] J. S. C. TOMBES, JOHN (1603 P-1676), baptist divine, was born of humble parentage at Bewdley, Worcestershire, in 1602 or 1603. He matriculated from Magdalen Hall, Ox- ford, on 23 Jan. 1617-18, aged 15. His tutor was William Pemble [q.v.] Among his college friends was John Geree [q. v.] He graduated B.A. on 12 June 1621. After Pemble's death he succeeded him in 1623 as catechism lecturer. His reputation as a tutor was considerable; among his pupils was John Wilkins [q. v.] He graduated M.A. on 16 April 1624, took orders, and quickly came into note as a preacher. From about 1624 to 1630 he was one of the lec- turers of St. Martin Carfax. As early as 1627 he began to have doubts on the subject of infant baptism. Leaving the university in 1630, he was for a short time preacher at Worcester, but in November was instituted vicar of Leominster, Herefordshire, where his preaching was exceedingly popular, and won the admiration of so high an Anglican as John Scudamore, first viscount Scudamore [q. v.], who augmented the small income of his living. In June 1631 he commenced B.D. He left Leominster in 1643 (after February), having been appointed by Nathaniel Fiennes [q. v.] to supersede George Williamson as vicar of All Saints, Bristol. On the sur- render of Bristol to the royalists (26 July), he removed to London (22 Sept.), where he became rector of St. Gabriel, Fenchurch, vacant by the sequestration of Ralph Cook, B.D. In church government his views were presbyterian. Tombes Tombes He laid his scruples on infant baptism before the Westminster assembly of divines, but got no satisfaction. Declining to baptise infants, he was removed from St. Gabriel's early in 1645, but appointed (before May) master of the Temple, on condition of not preaching on baptism. He published on this topic ; for licensing one of his tracts, the parliamentary censor, John Bachiler, was attacked in the Westminster assembly (25 Dec. 1645) by William Gouge, D.D. [q. v.], and Stephen Marshall [q. v.] was ap- pointed to answer the tract. As preacher at the Temple, Tombes directed his polemic against antinomianism. In 1646 he had an interview with Cromwell and gave him his books. His fellow-townsmen chose him to the perpetual curacy of Bewdley, then a chapelry in the parish of Ribbesford ; his successor at the Temple, Richard Johnson, was approved by the Westminster assembly on 13 Oct. 1647. At Bewdley Tombes organised a baptist church, which never exceeded twenty-two members (BAXTEE), of whom three became baptist preachers. He regularly attended Baxter's Thursday lecture at Kidderminster, and tried to draw Baxter, as he had already drawn Thomas Blake [q. v.], into a written discussion. Baxter would engage with him only in an oral debate, which took place be- fore a crowded audience at Bewdley chapel on 1 Jan. 1649-50, and lasted from nine in the morning till five at night. Wood affirms that ' Tombes got the better of Baxter by far ; ' Baxter himself says, ' How mean soever my own abilities were, yet I had still the advantage of a good cause.' The debate had the effect of causing Tombes to leave Bewd- ley, where he was succeeded in 1650 by Henry Oasland [q. v.] With Bewdley he had held for a time the rectory of Ross, Herefordshire ; this he resigned on being ap- pointed to the mastership of St. Catherine's Hospital, Ledbiiry, Herefordshire. After his encounter with Baxter, Tombes's oral debates were numerous. In July 1652 he went to Oxford to dispute on baptism with Henry Savage, D.D. [q. v.] On the same topic he disputed at Abergavenny, on 5 Sept. 1653, with Henry Vaughan (1616 P-1661 ?) and John Cragge. His pen was active against all opponents of his cause. He had not given up his claim to the vicarage of Leominster, and returned to it apparently in 1654, when he was appointed (20 March) one of Crom- well's ' triers.' Preaching at Leominster against quakers (26 Dec. 1656), one of his parishioners, Blashfield, a bookseller, re- torted, ' If there were no anabaptist, there would be no quaker.' Against quakerism and popery he wrote tracts (1660), to which Baxter prefixed friendly letters. At the Restoration Tombes came up to London, and wrote in favour of the royal supremacy in matters ecclesiastical as well as civil. Clarendon stood his friend. He conformed in a lay capacity, resigning his preferments and declining offers of promo- tion. After 1661 he lived chiefly at Salis- bury, where his wife had property. Robert Sanderson (1587-1663) [q. v.], bishop of Lin- coln, held him in esteem, as did a later occupant of the same see, Thomas Barlow [q. v.] Clarendon, in 1664, introduced him to Charles II, who accepted a copy of Tombes's ' Saints no Smiters.' In July 1664 he was at Oxford, and offered to dispute in favour of his baptist views, but the challenge was not taken up. With Seth Ward [q. v.], bishop of Salisbury, he was on friendly terms. He communicated as an Anglican. Firmly holding his special tenet, he was always a courteous disputant, and a man of excep- tional capacity and attainments. He died at Salisbury on 22 May 1676, and was buried on 25 May in St. Edmund's churchyard. He was a dapper little man, with a keen glance. By his first wife he had a son John, born at Leominster on 26 Nov. 1636. His second wife, whom he married about 1658, was Elizabeth, widow of Wol- stan Abbot of Salisbury. He published : 1. ' Vae Scandalizantium ; or a Treatise of Scandalizing/ Oxford, 1641, 8vo; with title ( Christ's Commination against Scandalizers,' 1641, 8vo (dedicated to Viscount Scudamore). 2. 'lehovahlireh . . . two Sermons in the Citie of Bristoll . , . March 14, 1642, with a short Narration of that . . . Plot/ 1643, 4to (8 May, dedi- cated to Fiennes). 3. 'Fermentum Phari- sseorvm, or ... Wil- Worship/ 1643, 4to (1 July). 4. ' Anthropolatria/ 1645, 4to (9 May). 5. ' Two Treatises and an Ap- pendix . . . concerning Infant Baptisme/ 1645, 4to (16 Dec. ; includes an ' Examen' of Marshall's sermon on baptism). 6. ' An Apology ... for the Two Treatises/ 1646, 4to; 'Addition/ 1652, 4to. 7. An Anti- dote against the Venome of ... Richard Baxter/ 1650, 4to (31 May). 8. ' Precursor . . . to a large view of ... Infant Baptism/ 1652, 4to. 9. ' Joannis Tombes Beudleiensis Refutatio positionis Dris. Henrici Savage/ 1652, 4to. 10. ' Antipsedobaptism/ 1652, 4to (28 Nov., dedicated to Cromwell) ; 2nd pt. 1654, 4to; 3rd pt. 1657, 4to (replies to twenty-three contemporary writers). 11. 'A Publick Dispute . . . J. Cragge and H. Vaughan/ 1654, 8vo. 12. 'A Plea for Anti-Pjedobaptists,' 1654, 4to (26 May). B 2 Tombs Tombs 13. ' Felo de Se. Or, Mr. Richard Baxter's Self-destroying,' 1659, 4to. 14. Tonge thew Henry on Schism (1689). 2. < An Ac- count of the Life ... of ... Matthew Henry/ 1716, 8vo. 3. ' Memoirs of John Showe'r,' 1716, 8vo. 4. ' Dedication,' containing a sketch of nonconformist history in Coventry, prefixed to John Warren's funeral sermon for Joshua Merrell, 1716, 8vo. His other publications are chiefly sermons, including funeral sermons for Samuel Slater [q. v.] and Elizabeth Bury [q. v.] He revised Matthew Henry's 'Memoirs' of Philip Henry, 1698, and prepared the expositions of Hebrews and Revelation for the posthumous volume of Matthew Henry's ' Commentary.' [Funeral Sermon by John Newman, 1727 ; Noble's Continuation of Granger, 1806, ii. 159 ; Wilson's Dissenting Churches of London, 1808, ii. 20 seq. ; Williams's Life of Philip Henry, 1825, p. 462 ; Williams's Life of Matthew Henry, 1828, p. 173; Calamy's Own Life, 1830, ii. 41, 465, 486 ; Sibree and Caston's Independency in Warwickshire, 1855, pp. 3 seq., 33 seq. ; Green's Knutsford, 1859, pp. 63 seq.; Urwick's Non- conformity in Cheshire, 1864, pp. 29 seq., 443 seq. ; Pike's Ancient Meeting Houses, 1870, pp. 382 seq. ; Jeremy's Presbyterian Fund, 1885, pp. 13, 33, 105 seq.] A. G. TONGE or TONGUE, ISRAEL or EZEREL [EZREEL] (1621-1680), divine and ally of Titus Gates in the fabrication of the ' popish plot,' son of Henry Tongue, minister of Holtby, Yorkshire, was born at Tickhill, near Doncaster, on 11 Nov. 1621. After attending school at Doncaster, he ma- triculated from University College, Oxford, on 3 May 1639, and graduated B.A. early in 1643. Being t puritanically inclined ' he preferred to leave Oxford rather than bear arms for the king. He retired, therefore, to the small parish of Churchill, near Chipping Norton, where he taught a school. He re- turned to Oxford early in 1648, took his M. A. degree, settled once more in University College, and, submitting to the authority of the parliamentary visitors, was constituted a fellow in place of Henry Watkins. Next year, having married Jane Simpson, he suc- ceeded his father-in-law, Dr. Edward Simp- son or Simson [q. v.], as rector of Pluckley in Kent. He graduated D.D. in July 1656, and in the following spring, being much vexed with factious parishioners and quakers, he de- cided to leave Pluckley upon his appointment to a fellowship in the newly erected college at Durham. There, having been selected to teach grammar, he ' followed precisely the Jesuits' method,' When Durham College was dissolved at the close of 1659, he moved to Islington, near London, where for a short while he taught a grammar class with con- spicuous success in a large gallery of Sir Tonge Thomas Fisher's house. He had also there, says Wood, a little academy for girls to be taught Latin and Greek, one of whom at fourteen could construe a Greek gospel. The experiment was short-lived, for Tonge, having t a restless and freakish head,' accompanied Colonel Sir Edward Harley [q. v.] to Dun- kirk as chaplain to the English garrison in 1660. His stay there was cut short by the sale of Dunkirk to the French in 1661, whereupon Tonge obtained from Harley the small vicarage of Leintwardine in Hereford- shire. On 26 June 1666, upon the presenta- tion of Bishop Henchman, he was admitted to the rectory of St. Mary Stayning, and had to nee three months later before the great fire, which burned both his church and parish to the ground. In his homeless con- dition he gladly accepted a chaplaincy at Tangier. He stayed there about two years, when he became rector of St. Michael's, Wood Street (demolished 1898), to which the parish of St. Mary Stayning was hence- forth united. Subsequently, from 1672 to 1677, he held with this the rectory of Aston, in Herefordshire. Having studied the lucubrations of An- thony Munday, Habernfeld, Prynne, and other plot-mongers and writers against the Jesuits, from the time of his return from Tangier, Tonge seems to have definitely formed the design of ekeing out his meagre income by compilations of a like tendency. He commenced upon some translations of polemics against the Society of Jesus by Port Royalists and others, but the market was already overstocked with wares of this kind. What seems to have given Tonge the necessary stimulus to proceed with his in- vestigations was a rumour of a popish plot to murder the king and set up the Duke of York in his place, which he heard from one Richard Greene while he was in Hereford- shire in 1675. Tonge was convinced of the genuineness of Greene's allegations ' because ' the alleged plot was hatched in 1675 during the ' illegal prorogation ' of parliament ( The Popish Massacre .... being part of Dr. Tonge's Collections on that Subject . . . pub- lished for his Vindication, 1679). During the winter of 1676, while residing in the Barbican at the house of Sir Richard Barker, one of the patrons whom he managed to infect with his own abnormal credulity upon the subject of catholic intrigues, Tonge came into contact with Titus Oates, who professed enthusiasm for his great aims. Having al- ready convinced himself by his literary, as- trological, and other occult researches that a vast Jesuit plot was impending over Eng- land, Tonge became the willing dupe of Tonge Oates's perjuries [see GATES, TITUS]. During July and the early part of August 1678 Ipnge incorporated Oates's inventions with his own exaggerated suspicions into the fic- titious narrative of the ' popish plot.' The narrative was drawn up in documentary form, with forty-three clauses or heads of indictment, and, copies having been made Tonge handed the scroll to Danby in the middle of August. A few days later he called on Burnet and gave him orally the details of the alleged designs of the papists. Burnet wrote of his strange visitor: 'He was a gardener and a chymist, and was full of projects and notions. He had got some credit in Cromwell's time, and that kept him poor. He was a very mean divine, and seemed credulous and simple, but I looked on him as a sincere man.' The affair was at first regarded as a device of Danby's to obtain an augmentation of the king's guards. At this period Tonge and Oates were living at a bell-founder's at Vauxhall, afterwards known as the 'plot- house,' and Tonge was busily occupied there during the remainder of August in commu- nicating additional details of the conspiracy to Danby at Wimbledon. He had several interviews with the king himself both at Whitehall, upon the first announcement of the plot (13 Aug.), and afterwards at Wind- sor ; but Charles was thoroughly sceptical as to the genuineness of his revelations. On 6 Sept., as an alternative means of giving publicity to the matter, Tonge applied to Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey [q. v.], a well-known justice of the peace, and prevailed upon him to take down Oates's depositions upon oath. This created some stir, and on 27 Sept. Tonge was summoned to appear with Oates before the privy council. The alarmist view which they took of the narrative combined with the discovery of Coleman's correspon- dence [see COLEMAN, EDWAED] and the murder of Godfrey in the middle of October to provoke an acute panic among the loyal and bigoted protestants, who formed the bulk of the population of London. Tonge appears to have been bewildered by the reign of terror which his weak credulity had done so much to precipitate. From the close of September 1678 he was assigned rooms in Whitehall along with Oates, but after a few months he preferred to withdraw from all association with his quondam ally. He had, however, upon the motion of Sir Thomas Clarges, to appear with Oates at the bar of the House of Com- mons on 21 March 1678-9. He then gave a long account of his observations of the papists before the discovery of the plot, and Tonge Tonge of his writings upon the subject (see below). These works, so Gates informed him, ' so gaul'd the Jesuits at St. Omer ' that they despatched Titus to murder the author, but the intended murderer took the opportunity to escape from their clutches and to save his king and his country. This probably represented Tonge's genuine belief in the matter. In September 1630 Simpson Tonge, the divine's eldest son, was committed to New- gate for aspersions against his father and Gates to the effect that they had concocted the plot between them. A few days later the young man withdrew this charge, and accused Sir Roger L'Estrange [q. v.] of suborning him to the perjury. No weight whatever can be attached to his evidence, as he seems to have acted as the tool of Titus Gates with a view to ' trepanning ' L'Estrange, the mortal enemy of the plot. Oates's idea was evidently to involve L'Estrange in a colourable charge of tampering with young Tonge to invalidate the ' protestant ' evi- dence. The device was exposed by L'Estrange in The Shammer Shamm'd ' (1681, 4to ; cf. FITZGERAJQD, Narration, 1680, fol.) ; but it had the effect of driving L'Estrange tem- porarily from London. The affair led Israel Tonge to commence an elaborate vindication of his conduct in connection with the plot. Having narrowly escaped censure by the House of Commons for imputing to a member (Sir Edward Dering) a feeling of kindness towards the pope's nuncio (GKEY, Debates, viii. 1 sq.), Tonge seems to have proceeded to Oxford in November 1680. He had a design on foot for turning Obadiah Walker [q. v.] out of his fellowship and succeeding to the place. At Oxford, too, he took part in the burning of a huge effigy of the pope, in the body of which, to represent devils, a number of cats and rats were imprisoned. He returned to London before the close of the month, and he died in the house of Stephen College [q. v.] on 18 Dec. 1680. His funeral procession from Blackfriars to St. Michael's, Wood Street, was followed on 23 Dec. by ' many of the godly party.' The sermon preached by Thomas Jones of Oswestry was printed with a dedication to the Duke of Mon- mouth. A committee of the privy council was appointed to examine his papers, but nothing seems to have resulted from their investigations. An inventory of Tonge's books is in the Record Office (State Papers, Dom. Car. II, p. 409). The same volume contains a very copious and elaborate diary of the events of 1678-9, subscribed ' Simson Tonge's Journall of the Plot written all with his own hands as he had excerped it out of his father Dr. Tonge's papers a little before he fell into the suborners' hands.' According to Wood, Tonge excelled in Latin, Greek, poetry, and chronology, but above all in alchymy, on which he spent much time and money. ' He was a person cynical and hirsute, shiftless in the world, yet absolutely free from covetousness and I dare say from pride.' He showed great in- genuity in his grammar teaching and also in his botanical studies, and contributed three papers on the 'Action of Sap ' to the ' Philo- sophical Transactions' (Nos. 57, 58, 68). A vivid description of the learned ' gown- man ' with his head stuffed full of plots and Marian persecutions, patching up the depo- sitions, with Gates and Bedloe on one side and Shaftesbury on the other, is given in the 'Ballad upon the Popish Plot' (see Bayford Ballads, ed. Ebsworth, p. 690). His diatribes against the Jesuits, for many years unsaleable, derived a tremendous im- petus from the ' discovery of the plot.' The chief of them were: 1. ' Jesuitical Apho- rismes ; or, a Summary Account of the Doc- trines of the Jesuites, and some other Popish Doctors. By Ezerel Tonge, D.D., who first discovered the horrid Popish Plot to his Majesty,' London, 1679, 4to. 2. < The New Design of the Papists detected ; or, an Answer to the last Speeches of the Five Jesuites lately executed : viz. Tho. White alias Whitebread, William Harcourt alias Harison, John Gavan alias Gawen, Anthony Turner, and John Fen wick. By Ezrael Tongue, D.D.,' London, 1679, fol. ; an appa- rently sincere protest against the * damnable impiety ' of the victims of the popish plot, on account of their dying declarations of innocence. 3. ' An Account of the Romish Doctrine in case of Conspiracy and Rebel- lion/ London, 1679, 4to. 4. ' Popish Mercy and Justice : being an account, not of those massacred in France by the Papists formerly, but of some later persecutions of the French Protestants,' London, 1679, 4to. 5. 'The Northern Star : The British Monarchy : or the Northern the Fourth Universal Mo- narchy .... Being a Collection of many choice Ancient and Modern Prophecies,' London, 1680, fol. ; dedicated to Charles II 1 by his majesty's sometime commissionated chaplain, E. T.' 6. ' Jesuits Assassins ; or, the Popish Plot further declared and demon- strated in their murderous Practices and Principles,' containing a catalogue of the ' English Popish Assassins swarming in all places, especially in the city of London/ proposals for the ' extirpation of this Bloody Tonkin 33 Tonkin Order/ and similar reflections and observa- tions, all ' extracted out of Dr. Tong's Papers, written at his first discovery of this plot to his Majesty and since augmented for public satisfaction,' London, 1680, 4to. As an appendix to this appeared ' An A nswer to certain Scandalous Papers scattered abroad under colour of a Catholick Admonition.' In this he draws up a drastic code of twenty measures to be aimed against the catholics. A list is given of the names of the intended protestant victims, that of Tonge himself being prominent. [Wood's Athenae Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 1262; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Wood's Life and Times, ed. Clark, ii. passim ; Evelyn's Diary, ii. 125; Thomas Jones's Funeral Ser- mon, 1681, 4to; Burnet's Own Time, i. 424, 510; G-rey's Debates, 1 769, vols. vii-x. ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 14th Rep. App. iv. passim; Smith's Intrigues of the Popish Plot, 1685; Eachard's Hist, of England ; Care's Hist, of the Papists' Plots ; Luttrell's Brief Historical Relation, i. 56, 128 ; North's Examen ; Tonge's Works ; see au- thorities under L'ESTBANUE, ROGER, and OATES, TITUS.] T. S. TONKIN, THOMAS (1678-1742), Cor- nish historian, born at Trevaunance, St. Agnes, Cornwall, and baptised in its parish church on 26 Sept. 1678, was the eldest son of Hugh Tonkin (1652-1711), vice-warden of the Stannaries 1701, and sheriff of Corn- wall 1702, by his first wife, Frances (1662- 1691), daughter of Walter Vincent of Tre- levan, near Tregony. Tonkin matriculated from Queen's College, Oxford, on 12 March 1693-4, and was en- tered as a student at Lincoln's Inn on 20 Feb. 1694-5. At Oxford he associated with his fellow-collegian, Edmund Gibson, afterwards bishop of London, and with Edward Lhuyd, who between 1700 and 1708 addressed several letters to him in Cornwall (PRYCE, ArchaoL Cornub. 1790 ; POLWHELE, Cornwall, v. 8-14) ; and he was friendly with Bishop Thomas Tanner [q. v.] Tonkin withdrew in to Cornwall and settled on the family estate. From about 1700 to the end of his days he prosecuted without cessation his inquiries into the topography and genealogy of Cornwall, and he soon made 'great proficiency in studying the Welsh and Cornish languages ' (DE DUNSTANVILLE, Careiv) ; but he quickly became involved in pecuniary trouble. To improve his property he obtained in 1706 the queen's sign-manual to a patent for a weekly market and two fairs at St. Agnes, but through the opposition of the inhabitants of Truro the grant was revoked. His progenitors had spent large sums from 1632 onwards in endeavouring to VOL. LVII. erect a quay at Trevaunance-porth. By 1710 he had expended 6,000/. upon it, but the estate afterwards fell < into the hands of a merciless creditor,' and in 1730 the pier was totally destroyed < for want of a very small timely repair and looking after' (ib pp. 353-4). Tonkin's wife was Elizabeth, daughter of James Kempe of the Barn, near Penryn. Thomas Worth, jun., of that town, and Samuel Kempe of Carclew, an adjoining mansion, were his brothers-in-law. He had by these connections much interest in the district, and from 12 April 1714 at a by- election, to the dissolution on 5 Jan. 1714-15, he represented in parliament the borough of Helston. Alexander Pendarves, whose widow afterwards became Mrs. Delany, was his colleague in parliament and his chief friend ; they were ' Cornish squires of high tory repute' (COURTNEY, Parl. Rep. of Corn- wall, p. 48; MRS. DELANY, Autobiography, i. On the death of the last of the Vincents, Tonkin dwelt at Trelevan for a time; but the property was too much encumbered for him to retain the freehold. The latter part of his life was passed at Polgorran, in Gorran parish, another of his estates. He died there, and was buried at Gorran on 4 Jan. 1741-2. His wife predeceased him on 24 June 1739. They had several children, but the male line became extinct on the death of Thomas Tonkin, their third son. Tonkin put forth in 1737 proposals for printing a history of Cornwall, in three volumes of imperial quarto at three guineas ; and on 19 July 1736 he prefixed to a collec- tion of modern Cornish pieces and a Cornish vocabulary, which he had drawn up for printing, a dedication to William Gwavas of Gwavas, his chief assistant (this dedication was sent by Prince L. L. Bonaparte on 30 Nov. 1861 to the ' Cambrian Journal,' and there reprinted to show the indebtedness to Tonkin's labours of William Pryce [q. v.]) Neither of these contemplated works saw the light. On 25 Feb. 1761 Dr. Borlase obtained from Tonkin's representative the loan of his manuscripts, consisting 'of nine volumes, five folios, and four quartos, partly written upon, a list of which is printed in the ' Journal of the Eoyal Institution of Cornwall,' vi. (No. xxi.) 167-75. On the death of Tonkin's niece, Miss Foss, in 1780, the manuscripts of the proposed history of Cornwall became the property of Lord de Dunstanville, who allowed Davies Gilbert [q. v.] to edit and to embody them in his history of the county 'founded on the manuscript histories oi D Tonna 34 Tonna Mr. Hals and Mr. Tonkin ' (1838, 4 yols.) Dunstanville published in 1811 an edition of Carew's ' Survey of Cornwall, with Notes illustrative of its History and Antiqui- ties by Thomas Tonkin.' Those on the first book of the 'Survey' were evidently prepared for publication by Tonkin, and the other notes were selected from the manuscripts. His journal of the convoca- tion of Stannators in 1710 was added to it. Tonkin's manuscript history passed from Lord de Dunstanville to Sir Thomas Phil- lipps [q. v.], and was sold by Messrs. Sothe- by & Co. for 51 /. to Mr. Quaritch on 7 June 1898. Two volumes of Tonkin's ' Alphabetical Account of all the Parishes in Cornwall,' down to the letter O, passed to William Sandys [q. v.], and then to W. C. Borlase, from whom they went into the museum of the Royal Institution of Cornwall at Truro. Four of the later parts were presented to the same body by the Rev. F. W. Pye, and another page by Sir John Maclean. Several manuscripts transcribed by Tonkin are in Addit. MS. 33420 at the British Museum, and numerous letters by him, in print and in manuscript, are mentioned in the i Biblio- theca Cornubiensis.' Tonkin gave much aid to Browne Willis in his 'Parochiale Anglicanum.' Polwhele called Tonkin ' one of the most enlightened antiquaries of his day.' [Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. i. 31, 35, 318, ii. 536, 727-8, 888, 897, iii. 1190, 1195, 1346; Boase's Collect. Cornub. p. 1008 ; Journ. E. I. of Cornwall, May 1877 p. liii, December 1877pp. 116,120, 143-4; Foster's Alumni Oxon.; Polwhele's Cornwall, i. 182, 203-6; Lysons's Cornwall, pp. cliii, 2-4, 8-11 ; D. Gilbert's Corn- wall, iii. 193.] W. P. C. TONNA, CHARLOTTE ELIZABETH (1790-1846), miscellaneous writer, was the daughter of Michael Browne, rector of St. Giles's Church and minor canon of the Cathedral at Norwich, where she was born on 1 Oct. 1790. She married in early life a Captain Phelan of the 60th regiment, and spent two years with him while serving with his regiment in Nova Scotia. They then re- turned to Ireland, where Phelan owned a small estate near Kilkenny. The marriage was not a happy one, and they separated about 1824. Mrs. Phelan subsequently re- sided with her brother, Captain John Browne, at Clifton, where she made the acquaintance of Hannah More [q. v.] ; later on she re- moved to Sandhurst, and then to London. In 1837 Captain Phelan died in Dublin, and in 1841 his widow married Lewis Hip- polytus Joseph Tonna [q. v.] She died at Ramsgate on 12 July 1846, and was buried there. While in Ireland Mrs. Tonna began to write, under her Christian names, ' Charlotte Elizabeth,' tracts for various religious socie- ties. She was very hostile to the church of Rome, and some of her publications are said to have been placed on the f Index Expurga- torius' (Gent. Mag. 1846, ii. 434). In 1837 she published an abridgment of Foxe's ' Book of Martyrs' (2 vols. 8vo). She edited 'The Protestant Annual,' 1840, and 'The Christian Lady's Magazine ' from 1836, and ' The Protestant Magazine ' from 1841 until her death. She also wrote poems, two of which, entitled respectively ' The Maiden City ' and 'No Surrender,' were written specially for the Orange cause, and are extremely vigorous and popular. They are quite the best Orange songs that have been written. Mrs. Tonna's other works include : 1. 'Za- doc, the Outcast of Israel/ 12mo, London, 1825. 2. 'Perseverance: a Tale/ London, 1826. 3. ' Rachel : a Tale/ 12mo, London, 1826. 4. 'Consistency: a Tale/ 12mo, London, 1826. 5. 'Osric: a Missionary Tale, and other Poems/ 8vo, Dublin, 1826 (?). 6. ' Izram : a Mexican Tale, and other Poems/ 12mo, London, 1826. 7. 'The System: a Tale/ 12mo, London, 1827. 8. ' The Rockite : an Irish Story/ 12mo, London, 1829. 9. ' The Museum/ 12mo, Dublin, 1832. 10. 'The Mole/ 12mo, Dublin, 1835. 11. ' Alice Ben- den, or the Bowed Shilling/ 12mo, London, 1838. 12. 'Letters from Ireland, 1837,' 8vo, London, 1838. 13. ' Derriana.' 14. ' Deny,' 1833 ; 10th ed. 1847. 15. ' Chapters on Flowers/ 8vo, London, 1836. 16. ' Confor- mity: a Tale/ 8vo, London, 1841. 17. ' Helen Fleetwood/ 8vo, London, 1841. 18. 'False- hood and Truth/ 8vo, Liverpool, 1841. 19. ' Personal Recollections/ 8vo, London, 1841. 20. 'Dangers and Duties/ 12mo, Lon- don, 1841. 21. 'Judah's Lion/ 8vo, London, 1843. 22. ' The Wrongs of Woman , in four parts/ London, 1843-4. 23. 'The Church Visible in all Ages/ 8vo, London, 1844. 24. 'Judea Capta: an Historical Sketch of the Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans/ 16mo, London, 1845. 25. ' Works of Charlotte Elizabeth/ with introduction by Mrs. H. B. Stowe, 3 vols. ; 2nd edit. New York, 1845 ; 7th edit. 8vo, New York, 1849. 26. ' Bible Cha- racteristics/ 8vo, London, 1851. 27. ' Short Stories for Children/ 1st and 2nd ser. 12mo, Dublin, 1854. 28. 'Tales and Illustrations/ 8vo, Dublin, 1854. 29. ' Stories from the Bible/ 12mo, London, 1861. 30. 'Charlotte Elizabeth's Stories ' (collected), 8 vols. 16mo, New York, 1868. Tonna 35 Tonson [Sketch of Charlotte Elizabeth by Mrs. Bal- four ; G-ent. Mag. 1846, ii. 433-4; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Julian's Diet, of Hymnology ; O'Donoghue's Poets of Ireland; Memoir of Charlotte Eliza- beth, 1852.] D. J. O'D. TONNA, LEWIS HIPPOLYTUS JOSEPH (1812-1857), author, was born on 3 Sept. 1812 at Liverpool, where his father was vice-consul for Spain and the Two Sicilies. His mother was the daughter of Major H. S. Blanckley, consul-general in the Balearic Islands. In 1828 he was at Corfu, a student, when the death of his father threw him on his own resources, and he entered as interpreter, with the rating of ' acting schoolmaster,' on board the Hydra, then employed in the Gulf of Patras. In January 1831 he was transferred to the Rainbow with Sir John Franklin [q. v.], and in October 1833 to the Britannia, flag- ship of Sir Pulteney Malcolm [q.v.] On returning to England in 1835 he obtained apparently through Malcolm's influence the post of assistant-director and afterwards of secretary of the Royal United Service Insti- tution. This he held till his death on 2 April 1857, rendering to the institution ( zealous and effective' service. He was twice mar- ried : first, in 1841, to Mrs. Phelan [see TONNA, CHARLOTTE ELIZABETH]; secondly, in 1848, to Mary Anne, daughter of Charles Dibdin the younger [see under DIBDIN, HENRY EDWARD], who survived him. There was no issue by either marriage. Tonna was the author of numerous small books and pamphlets, almost all on religious and controversial subjects, written from the ultra-protestant point of view. Among these may be named : 1. f Erchomena, or Things to Come,' 1847, 16mo. 2. 'Nuns and Nunneries : Sketches compiled entirely from Romish Authorities/ 1852, 12mo. 3. 'The Real Dr. Achilli: a few more words with Cardinal Wiseman,' 1850, 8vo. 4. 'The Lord is at Hand.' 5. ' Privileged Persons.' [G-ent. Mag. r !857, ii. 95; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Ships' Pay books &c. in the Public Kecord Office.] J. K. L. TONNEYS, TONEYS, or TONEY, JOHN (d. 1510?), grammarian, was perhaps a native of Tony, Norfolk, and was educated from childhood at the Austin Friary, Nor- wich. He became a friar and was sent to Cambridge. He proceeded D.D. in 1502, and became prior of the Norwich house and provincial of his order in England. He studied Greek, and Bale told Leland that he had seen a Greek letter by him. He wrote 1 Rudimenta Grammatices,' said to have been printed by Pynson (8vo), of which no copy is known. Leland saw many copies of his books on grammar in the Augustinian Library, London. Bale ascribes to him nine works, sermons, letters, lectures, collectanea, and rhymes, of which nothing further is known. He died about 1510, and was buried in Lon- don. A < Master Toneys ' appears to have been in Wolsey's service in 1514, and a Robert Toneys attested Princess Mary's marriage to Louis XII of France in the same year, and was afterwards canon of Lincoln and of York (Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, vols. i. and ii.) [Cooper's Athenae Cantabr.; Blomefield's Nor- folk, iv. 91; Ossinger's Bibl. August, p. 896; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. ed. Herbert,!. 286; Baker's Chronicle, p. 292 ; Bale's Scriptt. Brit, viii. 55 ; Leland's Collectanea, ix. 54.] M. B. TONSON, JACOB (1656 P-1736), pub- lisher, born about 1656, was the second son of Jacob Tonson, chirurgeon and citizen of London, who died in 1668. He is believed to have been related to Major Richard Ton- son, who obtained a grant of land in co. Cork from Charles II, and whose descendants became Barons Riversdale (BuRKE, Extinct Peerage}. By his father's will (P. C. C. Hene 147) he and his elder brother Richard, as well as three sisters, were each entitled to 100/., to be paid when they came of age (M ALONE, Life of Dry den, p. 522). On 5 June 1670 Jacob was apprenticed to Tho- mas Basset, a stationer, for eight years (ib. p. 536). Having been admitted a freeman of the Company of Stationers on 20 Dec. 1677, he began business on his own account, following his brother Richard, who had com- menced in 1676, and had published, among other things, Otway's * Don Carlos.' Richard Tonson had a shop within Gray's Inn Gate ; Jacob Tonson's shop was for many years at the Judge's Head in Chancery Lane, near Fleet Street, It has been said that when Tonson bought the copy of ' Troilus and Cressida ' (1679), the first play of Dryden's that he published, he was obliged to borrow the purchase money (20/.) from Abel Swalle, another bookseller. However this may be, the names of both booksellers appear on the title-page, as was often the case at that time. Tonson was sufficiently well off to purchase play? by Otway and Tate. In 1681 the brothers Richard and Jacob joined in publishing Dryden's ' Spanish Friar,' and in 1683 Jacob Tonson obtained a valuable property by pur- chasing from Barbazon Ailmer, the assignee of Samuel Simmons, one half of his right in ' Paradise Lost.' The other half was pur- chased at an advance in 1690. Tonson Tonson Tonson afterwards said he had made more by l Para- dise Lost ' than by any other poem (SrENCE, Anecdotes, 1858, p. 261). In the earlier part of his life Tonson was much associated with Dryden [see also DKY- DEN", JOHN]. A step which did much to establish his position was the publication in 1684 of a volume of ' Miscellany Poems/ under Dryden's editorship. Other volumes followed in 1685, 1693, 1694, 1703, and 1708, and the collection, which was several times reprinted, is known indifferently as Dryden's or Tonson's ' Miscellany.' During the ensuing year Tonson continued to bring out pieces by Dryden, and on 6 Oct. 1691 paid thirty guineas for all the author's rights in the printing of the tragedy of ' Cleomenes.' Addison's 'Poem to his Ma- jesty ' was published by Tonson in 1695, and there was some correspondence respecting a proposed joint translation of Herodotus by Boyle, Blackmore, Addison, and others (ADDISON, Works, v. 318-21). Dryden's translation of Virgil, executed between 1693 and 1696, was published by Tonson in July 1697 by subscription. Serious financial differences arose between the poet and his publisher, and Dryden's letters to Tonson (1695-7) are full of complaints of meanness and sharp practice and of refusals to accept clipped or bad money. Tonson would pay nothing for notes ; Dryden re- torted, ' The notes and prefaces shall be short, because you shall get the more by saving paper.' He added that all the trade were sharpers, Tonson not more than others. Dry- den described Tonson thus, in lines written under his portrait, and afterwards printed in ' Faction Displayed ' (1705) : "With leering looks, bull-faced, and freckled fair; With two left legs, and Judas-coloured hair, And frowzy pores, that taint the ambient air. (Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd Rep. p. 193). Sub- sequently the letters became more friendly, and on the publication of 'Alexander's Feast/ in November 1707, Dryden wrote to Tonson, ' I hope it has done you service, and will do more.' Dryden's collection of translations from Boccaccio, Chaucer, and others, known as ' The Fables/ was published by Tonson in November 1699 ; a second edition did not ap- pear until 1713. There is an undated letter from Mrs. Aphra Behn [q. v.] to Tonson at Bayfordbury, thanking him warmly for what he had said on her behalf to Dryden. She begged hard for five pounds more than Ton- son offered for some of her verses. In con- nection with Jeremy Collier's attack on the stage, the Middlesex justices presented the playhouses in May 1698, and also Congreve for writing the ' Double Dealer/ D'Urfey for 'Don Quixote/ and Tonson and Brisco, booksellers, for printing them (LUTTKELL, Brief Relation of State Affairs, iv. 379). Tonson published Congreve's reply to Col- lier, and at a later date 'The Faithful Friend' and 'The Confederacy' by his friend, Sir John Vanbrugh. Before the end of the century Tonson had moved from the Judge's Head to a shop in Gray's Inn Gate, probably the one previously occupied by his brother Richard. It is not unlikely that Richard was dead, and that Jacob, who had no children, and seemingly never married, now took into partnership his nephew Jacob, whose son was afterwards to be his heir. It is not always easy to dis- tinguish the uncle from the nephew in later years ; the latter will be referred to in future as Tonson junior. By 1700 Tonson's position was well esta- blished, and about that time the Kit-Cat Club was founded, with Tonson as secretary. The meetings were first held at a mutton- pie shop in Shire Lane, kept by Christopher Cat [q. v.], and may have begun with sup- pers given by Tonson to his literary friends. About 1703 Tonson purchased a house at Barn Elms, and built a room there for the club. In a poem on the club, attributed to Sir Richard Blackmore [q. v.], we find One night in seven at this convenient seat Indulgent Bocaj [Jacob] did the Muses treat. Tonson was satirised in several skits, and it was falsely alleged that he had been ex- pelled the club, or had withdrawn from the society in scorn of being their jest any longer ('Advertisement' in Brit. Mus. Libr. 816. m. 19/34). In 1703 Tonson went to Holland to ob- tain paper and engravings for the fine edi- tion of Caesar's ' Commentaries/ which was ultimately published under Samuel Clarke's care in 1712. At Amsterdam and Rotter- dam he met Addison, and assisted in some abortive negotiations for Addison's employ- ment as travelling companion to Lord Hert- ford, son of the Duke of Somerset (AiKiN, Life of Addison, i. 148-55). In 1705 Tonson published Addison's 'Remarks on several Parts of Italy.' Verses by young Pope were circulating among the critics in 1705, and in April 1706 Tonson wrote to Pope proposing to publish a pastoral poem of his. Pope's pastorals Tonson 37 Tonson ultimately appeared in Tonson's sixth ' Mis- cellany ' (May 1709). Wycherley wrote that Tonson had long been gentleman-usher to the Muses : * you will make Jacob's ladder raise you to immortality' (Pops, Works, vi. 37, 40, 72, ix. 545). Howe's edition of Shakespeare, in six volumes, was published early in 1709 by Tonson, who had previously advertised for materials (TiMPEKLEY, Encyclopedia, p. 593). Steele dined at Tonson's in 1708-9, sometimes to get a bill discounted, sometimes to hear manuscripts read and advise upon them (AiTKEN, Life of Steele, i. 204, 235). There is a tradition that in earlier days Steele had had a daughter by a daughter of Tonson's ; if this is true, it must apparently have been a daughter of Richard Tonson, Jacob's brother. In the autumn of 1710 Tonson moved to the Shakespeare's Head, opposite Catherine Street in the Strand; his former shop at Gray's Inn Gate was announced for sale in the 'Tatler'for 14 Oct. (No. 237); and it seems to have been taken by Thomas Osborne, stationer, the father of the afterwards well- known publisher, Thomas Osborne (d. 1767) [q. v.] On 26 July 1711, after a long interval, Swift met Addison and Steele * at young Jacob Tonson's.' ' The two Jacobs/ says Swift to Esther Johnson, ' think it I who have made the secretary take from them the printing of the Gazette, which they are going to lose. . .. . Jacob came to me t'other day to make his court ; but I told him it was too late, and that it was not my doing.' Accounts furnished to Steele by Tonson of the sale of the collective editions of the ' Tatler ' and * Spectator' have been preserved (AITKEN, Life of Steele, i. 329-31) ; from October 1712 Tonson's name was joined with Samuel Buck- ley's as publisher of the ' Spectator.' In No- vember 1712 Addison and Steele sold all their right and title in one half of the copies of the first seven volumes of the ' Spectator ' to Tonson, jun., for 575/., and all rights in the other half for a similar sum to Buckley. Buckley in October 1714 reassigned his half- share in the ' Spectator ' to Tonson junior for 5001. (ib. i. 354; Hist.MSS. Comm. 9th Rep. ii. 471). Tonson published Addison's tragedy, * Cato,' in April 1713 ; and, according to a concocted letter of Pope's, the true reason why Steele brought the ' Guardian ' to an end in October was a quarrel with Tonson, its publisher; 'he stood engaged to his bookseller in articles of penalty for all the " Guardians," and by desisting two days, and altering the title of the paper to that of the " Englishman," was quit of the obliga- tion, those papers being printed by Buckley.' There are various reasons why this story is improbable; the truth seems to be that Steele was anxious to write on politics with a freer hand than was practicable in the 'Guardian.' In the summer of 1714 we hear of Steele writing political pamphlets at Tonson's, where there were three bottles of wine of Steele's (AiTKEN, Life of Steele, ii. 25, 30), and in October Tonson printed Steele's 'Ladies' Library.' Tonson appears in Rowe's ' Dialogue between Tonson and Congreve, in imitation of Horace,' Thou, Jacob Tonson, were, to my conceiving, The cheerfullest, best, honest fellow living. In the same year Tonson, with Barnaby Bernard Lintot [q. v.] and William Taylor, was appointed one of the printers of the parliamentary votes. Next year he paid fifty guineas for the copyright of Addi- son's comedy, ' The Drummer,' and published Tickell's translation of the first book of the 'Iliad,' which gave offence to Pope. On 6 Feb. 1718 Lintot entered into a partnership agreement with Tonson for the purchase of plays during eighteen months following that date. In one of several amusing letters from Vanbrugh, now at Bayfordbury, Tonson, who was then in Paris, was congratulated upon his luck in South Sea stock, and there is other evidence that he made a large sum in connection with Law's Mississippi scheme. ' He has got 40,000/.,' wrote Robert Arbuth- not ; ' riches will make people forget their trade.' In January 1720 Tonson obtained a grant to himself and his nephew of the office of stationer, bookseller, and printer to some of the principal public offices (Pat. 6 George I) ; and on 12 Oct. 1722 he assigned the whole benefit of the grant to his nephew. The grant was afterwards renewed by Walpole, in 1733, for a second term of forty years (Pat. 6 George II). The elder Tonson seems to have given up business about 1720. He had bought the Hazells estate at Ledbury, Here- fordshire (DuNCUMB and COOKE, Hereford- shire, iii. 100-1), and in 1721 he was sending presents of cider to the Dukes of Grafton and Newcastle, the latter of whom called Tonson wr d'un Trone : Catherine II, 1894, pp. 235 et seq.) He was a regular attendant at the annual diner de tolerance which the empress gave to the clergy of all denominations, and at which Gabriel, the metropolitan of Russia, used to preside (ToozE, Life of Catharine //, iii 119). Among those whose acquaintance Tooke made was the French sculptor Fal- conet, then engaged on the statue of Pete the Great, and in 1777 he published Pieces written by Mons. Falconet and Mons. Dide- rot on Sculpture. . .translated from the E Tooke 5 Tooke French by William Tooke, with several addi- tions/ London, 4to. On 5 June 1783 he was elected F.R.S. (THOMSON, Hist. Royal So- ciety, App. p. lix), and on 14 May 1784 was admitted sizar of Jesus College, Cambridge, but neither resided nor graduated (note from Mr. E. Abbott of Jesus College). Shortly afterwards he became member of the im- perial academy of sciences at St. Petersburg and of the free economical society of St. Petersburg. While chaplain at St. Peters- burg Tooke made frequent visits to Poland and Germany, some details of which are printedfrom his letters in Nichols's t Literary Anecdotes' (ix. 168 et seq.) AtKonigsberg he made the acquaintance of Kant, the author of the ' Critique of Pure Reason.' In 1792 Tooke was left a fortune by a maternal uncle, and returned to England to enjoy it and devote himself to literary pro- duction. His long residence at St. Peters- burg, freedom of access to the imperial library there, and intimacy with Russian men of letters had given him exceptional facilities for the study of Russian history, and he now set to work to publish the results of his researches. He had already translated from the German ' Russia, or a compleat His- torical Account of all the Nations which compose that Empire,' London, 4 vols. 1780- 1783, 8vo. In 1798 appeared * The Life of Catharine II, Empress of Russia; an en- larged translation from the French,' 3 vols. 8vo. More than half the work consisted of Tooke's additions. It was followed in 1799 by ' A View of the Russian Empire during the Reign of Catharine II and to the close of the present Century,' 3 vols. 8 vo ; a second edition appeared in 1800, and was translated into French in six volumes (Paris, 1801). In 1800 Tooke published a < History of Russia from the Foundation of the Monarchy by Rurik to the Accession of Catharine the Second,' London, 2 vols. 8vo. These works did not exhaust Tooke's literary activity. In 1795 he produced two volumes of 'Varieties of Literature,' and, encouraged by their success, followed it up in 1798 by a similar venture, i Selections from Foreign Literary Journals.' He was principal editor, assisted by William Beloe [q. v.] and Robert Nares [q. v.], of the < New and General Biographical Dictionary,' pub- lished in fifteen volumes in 1798 ; and in the same year he wrote ' Observations on the Expedition of General Bonaparte to the East,' 8vo. A few years later he began a translation in ten volumes of the sermons of the Swiss divine, George Joachim Zollikofer. The first two appeared in 1804 (2nd edit. 1807), two in 1806, two in 1807, and two in 1812 ; they were followed in 1815 by a trans- lation of the same divine's ' Devotional Exer- cises and Prayers.' In 1814 Tooke served as chaplain to the lord mayor of London, Sir William Domville, and preached in that capacity several sermons, which were pub- lished separately (see Brit. Mus. Cat.) He contributed largely to the l Monthly Review ' and the ' Gentleman's Magazine/ and is cre- dited with the authorship of the memoir of Sir Hans Sloane, written in French, and extant in Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 30066 (Cat. Addit. MSS. 1882, p. 30). His last work was * Lucian of Samosata, from the Greek, with the Comments and Illustrations of Wie- land and others/ London, 1820, 2 vols. 4to. Tooke resided during his latter years in Great Ormond Street, Bloomsbury, but re- moved to Guilford Street just before his death, which took place on 17 Nov. 1820. He was buried on the 23rd in St. Pancras new burial-ground. An engraving by J. Collyer, after a portrait by (Sir) Martin Archer Shee, is prefixed to the ' Lucian/ Tooke married, in 1771, Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Eyton of Llanganhafal, Denbigh- shire, by whom he had issue two sons, Thomas [q. v.] and William [q. v.], and a daughter Elizabeth. [An elaborate account of Tooke is given by his friend, John Nichols [q. v.], in his Literary Anecdotes, ix. 160-80. See also Tooke's Works in the British Museum Library; Gent. Mag. 1814 i. 257, 363, ii. 47, 563, 564, 1816 i. 433, 1820 ii, 466-8, 1839 ii. 605; Burke's Landed Gentry, 1894, ii. 2020.] A. F. P. TOOKE, WILLIAM (1777-1863), presi- dent of the Society of Arts, was the younger son of W 7 illiam Tooke (1744-1820) [q. v.], chaplain to the factory of the Russia Com- pany at St. Petersburg. Thomas Tooke [q. v.] was his elder brother. Born at St. Peters- burg on 22 Nov. 1777, William came to England in 1792, and was articled to William Devon, solicitor, in Gray's Inn, with whom he entered into partnership in 1798. Subse- quently he was for many years at 39 Bedford Row, in partnership with Charles Parker, and latterly in the firm of Tooke, Son, & Hallowes. In 1825 he took a prominent part in the formation of the St. Katharine's Docks, and was the London agent of George Barker [q. v.], the solicitor of the London and Bir- mingham railway. He shared in the foun- dation of the London University (afterwards called University College) in Gower Street, was one of the first council (19 Dec. 1823), and continued his services as treasurer until March 1841. In procuring the charter for the Royal Society of Literature he showed his liberality by refusing any remuneration for Tooke Tooker his professional services. For many years he was an active member of the council of the society, and one of the chief promoters of Thomas Wright's ( Biographia Britaunica Literaria.' In 1826, in conj unction with Lord Brougham, Dr. Birkbeck, George Grote, and others, he took part in the formation of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Know- ledge ; but in 1846, like many others, he dis- approved of the publication of the society's ' Biographical Dictionary ' (Gen t. Mag. 1846, i. 511). Tooke was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 12 March 1818. He was present at the first annual meeting of the Law In- stitution on 5 June 1827, and was mainly instrumental in obtaining a royal charter of incorporation for that society in January 1832. For some years he was the usual chair- man of the meetings and dinners, and when Lord Brougham was meditating a measure for the establishment of local courts, he ad- dressed to him a letter in defence of the pro- fession of an attorney (ib. 1831, i. 74). From an earlier period he was a leading member of the Society of Arts ; in 1814 he was the chairman of the committee of correspondence and editor of the * Transactions/ and in 1862 he was elected president of the society. For services rendered to the Institution of Civil Engineers he was elected an honorary mem- ber of that corporation. From 1824 he was honorary secretary and from 1840 one of the three treasurers of the Royal Literary Fund Society. At the general election of 1830, in con- junction with his friend Sir John William Lubbock [q. v.], Tooke unsuccessfully con- tested the close borough of Truro. After the passing of the Reform Bill, however, he on 15 Dec. 1832 was elected, and re- presented the borough until July 1837 (COURTNEY, Parliamentary Representation of Cornwall, 1889, p. 14). He was after- wards a candidate for Finsbury, but did not proceed to a poll, and on 30 June 1841 he un- successfully contested Reading. During the five sessions that he sat in parliament he supported reform, and gave his vote for measures for the promotion of education and for the abolition of slavery ; but in later life his views became more conservative. He died at 12 Russell Square, London, on 20 Sept. 1863, and was buried in Kensal Green ceme- tery. In 1807 he married Amelia (d. 1848), youngest daughter of Samuel Shaen of Crix, Essex, and by her he left a son Arthur Wil- liam Tooke of Pinner, Middlesex and two daughters. Though assiduous in business, Tooke had an hereditary taste for literature. In 1804 he pubhshed anonymously, in two volumes, 'The Poetical Works of C. Churchill, with Explanatory Notes and an Authentic Ac- count of his Life ' (Annual Review, 1804, pp. 580-5 j Critical Review, May 1804, pp' 17-23). This was republished in three volumes in 1844 under his own name in Pickering's 'Aldine Poets' (Gent. May. 1844, ii. 161-4), and was reprinted in two volumes in the same series in 1892. In 1855 he compiled ' The Monarchy of France, its Rise, Progress, and Fall,' 2 vols. 8vo (Gent. Mag. 1855, ii. 47). More recently he pri- vately printed verses written by himself and some of his friends, under the title of ' Verses edited by M.M.M.,' 1860. These initials re- presented his family motto, 'Militia Mea Multiplex.' He also wrote a pamphlet, signed W.T., entitled ' University of London: State- ment of Facts as to Charter,' 1835. He was a contributor to the ' New Monthly Maga- zine/ the ' Annual Register/ and the ' Gen- tleman's Magazine.' His portrait was painted by J. White for the board-room of the governors and directors of the poor of the parishes of St. Andrew, Holborn, and St. George's, Bloomsbury, and engraved in mezzotint by Charles Turner. [Gent. Mag. 1863, ii. 656-9; Illustr. London News, October 1863, p. 373, with portrait; Men of the Time, 1862, p. 753.] G. C. B. TOOKER, or TUCKER, WILLIAM (1558 P-1621), divine, born at Exeter in 1557 or 1558, was the third son of William Tooker of that town by his wife Honora, daughter of James Erisey of Erisey in Cornwall (WESTCOTE, Devonshire, 1845, p. 526). He was admitted to Winchester College in 1572, and became a scholar at New College, Oxford, in 1575, graduating B.A. on 16 Oct. 1579 and M.A. on 1 June 1583, and proceeding B.D. and D.D. on 4 July 1594. In 1577 he was elected to a perpetual fellowship, and in 1580 was ap- pointed a canon of Exeter. In 1584 he was presented to the rectory of Kilkhampton in Cornwall, and in the following year resigned his fellowship on being collated archdeacon of Barnstaple on 24 April. In 1588 he was appointed chaplain to the queen and rector of West Dean in Wiltshire. In 1590 he became rector of Clovelly in Devonshire, but resigned the charge in 1601. In 1597 he published ' Charisma sive Donum Sanationis' (London, 4to), an historical vindication of the power inherent in the English sovereign of curing the king's evil. This work won him especial regard from Elizabeth, whose possession of the power was a proof of the validity of her succession. Tooker was a Tootel Topcliffe skilful courtier, and in 1604 published a treatise entitled ' Of the Fabrique of the Church and Churchmens Livings ' (London, 8vo), dedicated to James I, whose chaplain he was, in which he attacked the tendency of puritanism towards ecclesiastical demo- cracy, on the ground that it paved the way for spiritual anarchy. On 16 Feb. 1604-5 he was installed dean of Lichfield, resigning his archdeaconry. According to Fuller, James designed the bishopric of Gloucester for him, and actually issued the conge d'elire, but after- wards revoked it. Tooker died at Salisbury on 19 March 1620-1, and was buried in the cathedral. He left a son Robert, who in 1625 became rector of Vange in Essex. William was a good scholar, and, accord- ing to Fuller, 'the purity of his Latin pen procured his preferment.' Its flexibility may also have favoured him. Besides the works mentioned, he was the author of ' Duellum sive Singulare Certamen cum Martino Becano Jesuita ' (London, 1611, 8vo), written against Becanus in defence of the ecclesiastical autho- rity of the English king, to which Becanus replied in 'Duellum Martini Becani Societatis Jesu Theologi cum Gulielmo Tooker de Pri- matu Regis Angliee,' Mayence, 1612, 8vo. [Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 288; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Kirby's Win- chester Scholars, p. 145 ; Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Anglic.; Chalmers's Biogr. Diet. 1816, s.v. ' Tucker ; ' Strype's Annals of the Reformation, 1824, iv. 438-41, 555; Fuller's Worthies of England, 1662, 'Devonshire,' p. 275 ; Simms's Bibliotheca Staffordiensis; Shaw's Hist, and Antiq. of Staffordshire, 1798, i. 287.] E. I. C. TOOTEL, HUGH (1672-1743), catholic divine. [See DODD, CHARLES.] TOPCLIFFE, RICHARD (1532-1604), persecutor of Roman catholics, born, accord- ing to his own account, in 1532, was the eldest son of Robert Topcliffe of Somerby, near Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, by Mar- garet, daughter of Thomas, lord Borough (Harl MS. 6998, art. 19). He was probably the Richard Topcliffe who was admitted stu- dent of Gray's Inn in 1548 (Reg. col. 20). It has been assumed that he was the Richard Topcliffe who, after being matriculated as a pensioner of Magdalene College, Cambridge, in November 1565, proceeded B.A. in 1568-9, and commenced M.A. in 1575 (COOPER, AihencB Cantabr. ii. 386). He represented Beverley in the parliament which met on 8 May 1572, and was returned for Old Sarum to the parliament of 20 Oct. 1586. After the collapse of the northern rebellion he was a suitor for the lands of Richard Nor- ton (1488 P-1588) [q.v.] of Norton Conyers, Yorkshire. In 1584 a dispute began between him and the lord chief justice, Sir Christo- pher Wray [q. v.], about his claim to the lay impropriation of the prebend of Corring- ham and Stowe in Lincoln Cathedral. Subse- quently he was regularly employed by Lord Burghley, but in what capacity does not appear. In 1586 he was described as one of her majesty's servants, and in the same year was commissioned to try an admiralty case. He held some office about the court, and for twenty-five years or more he was most actively engaged in hunting out popish recu- sants, Jesuits, and seminary priests. This employment procured for him so much noto- riety that ' a Topcliffian custom ' became a euphuism for putting to the rack, and, in the quaint language of the court, t topcliffizare ' signified to hunt a recusant. The writer of an account of the apprehen- sion of the Jesuit Robert Southwell [q. v.], preserved among the bishop of Southwark's manuscripts, asserts that ' because the often exercise of the rack in the Tower was so odious, and so much spoken of by the people, Topcliffe had authority to torment priests in his own house in such sort as he shall think good.' In fact he himself boasted that he had a machine at home, of his own invention, compared with which the common racks in use were mere child's play (Rambler, February 1857, pp. 108-18 ; DODD, Church Hist. ed. Tierney, vol. iii. Append, p. 197). The account of his cruel treatment of South- well would be incredible if it were not con- firmed by admissions in his own handwriting (Lansdowne MS. 73, art. 47 ; TANNER, So- cietas Jesu usque ad sanguinis et vitce profu- sionem militans, p. 35). Great indignation was excited, even among the protestants, and so loud and severe were the complaints to the privy council that Cecil, in order to miti- gate the popular feeling, caused Topcliffe to be arrested and imprisoned upon pretence of having exceeded the powers given to him by the warrant; but the imprisonment was of short duration. At a later period Nicholas Owen [q. v.] and Henry Garnett [q. v.] were put to the test of the * Topcliffe ' rack. Topcliffe's name appears in the special commission against Jesuits which was issued on 26 March 1593. In November 1594 he sued one of his accomplices, Thomas Fitz- herbert, who had promised, under bond, to give 5,0007. to Topcliffe if he would perse- cute Fitzherbert's father and uncle to death, together with Mr. Bassett. Fitzherbert pleaded that the conditions had not been fulfilled, as his relatives died naturally, and Bassett was in prosperity. This being rather too disgraceful a business to be discussed in Topcliffe 53 Topham open court, 'the matter was put over for secret hearing,' when Topcliffe used some expressions which reflected upon the lord- keeper and some members of the privy council. Thereupon he was committed to the Marshalsea for contempt of court, and detained there for some months. Daring his incarceration he addressed two letters to the queen, and, in Dr. Jessopp's opinion, ' two more detestable compositions it would be difficult to find.' Topcliffe was out of prison again in October 1595. In 1596 he was en- gaged in racking certain gipsies or Egyptians who had been captured in Northampton- shire, and in 1597 he applied the torture of the manacles to Thomas Travers, who was in Bridewell for stealing the queen's standish (JARDINE, Reading on the Use of Torture in England, pp. 41, 99, 101). In 1598 he was present at the execution of John Jones, the Franciscan, whom he had hunted to death. He got possession of the old family house of the Fitzherberts at Padley, Derbyshire, and was living there in February 1603-4. He died before 3 Dec. 1604, when a grant of administration was made in the prerogative court of Canterbury to his daughter Margaret. He married Jane, daughter of Sir Edward Willoughby of Wollaton, Nottinghamshire, and by her had issue Charles, his heir; three other sons named John who probably died in infancy ; and two daughters, Susannah and Margaret. Dr. 1 Jessopp describes Topcliffe as ' a mon- ster of iniquity,' and Father Gerard in his narrative of the gunpowder plot speaks of 1 the cruellest Tyrant of all England, Topcliffe, a man most infamous and hateful to all the realm for his bloody and butcherly mind' (MORRIS, Condition of Catholics, p. 18). A facsimile of a curious pedigree of the Fitz- herbert family compiled by him for the infor- mation of the privy council is given in Foley's < Records,' ii. 198. [Cal. State Papers, Dora. 1580-1604; Cal. Hatfield Manuscripts ; Acts of the Privy Coun- cil, 1580-1589 ; Bibl. Anglo-Poetica, pp. 64, 212 ; Birch's Elizabeth, i. 160 ; Cal. of Chancery Proc. temp. Eliz. i. 320 ; Croke's Reports, temp. Eliz. pp. 72, 644 ; Hallam's Constitutional Hist. i. 139, 140; Hunter's Sheffield, p. 87; Jessopp's One Generation of a Norfolk House ; Lodge's Illus- trations, ii. 119-25, 143, 164, 428 ; Mora's Hist. Prov. Anglicanse Soc. Jesu, p. 192; Nichols's Progr. Eliz. (1823), ii. 215, 219; Notes and Queries. 5th ser. vii. 207, 270, 331, 357, 417, Sthser.'x. 133, 198, xi. 51, xii. 434; Oldys's British Librarian, p. 280 ; Poulson's Beverlac, p. 390 ; Bymer's Fcedera, xvi. 201 ; Sadler State Papers, ii. 206 ; Strype's Works (general index) ; Turnbull's Memoirs of Southwell (1856), p. xxiv; Wright's Elizabeth, ii. 169, 244.] T. C. . TOPHAM, EDWARD (1751-1820), journalist and play-writer, born in 1751, was the son of Francis Topham, LL.D. (d. 15 Oct. 1770), master of faculties and judge of the prerogative court at York. This official ob- tained from Archbishop Hutton the promise of the reversion for his son, but, in conse- quence of the action of Dean Fountayne, the pledge was withdrawn. There was open war between Topham and the dean, and the former was lampooned by Laurence Sterne in 'A Political Romance, addressed to , Esq., of York,' printed (perhaps pri- vately) in 1759, and reissued in 1769 ; it was frequently reprinted as < The History of a Warm Watch Coat ' (DAVIES, York Press, pp. 256-60 ; see STEKNE, LAURENCE). The boy was educated at Eton under Dr. Foster, and remained there for eleven years. W T hile at school he dabbled in poetry and was one of the leaders in the rebellion against Foster's rule. He was admitted at Trinity College, Cambridge, as pensioner on 22 April 1767, and as fellow-commoner on 23 Oct. 1769, but he left without taking a degree. Possibly he was the Topham men- tioned as having drawn a caricature of the under-porter of Trinity (WORDSWORTH, So- cial Life at the Univ. p. 409). On leaving the university, Topham tra- velled on the continent for eighteen months, and then, in company with his old school- fellow Sir Paul Jodrell, spent six months in Scotland, publishing upon his return in 1776 a sprightly volume of 'Letters from Edinburgh, 1774 and 1775, containing some Observations on the Diversions, Customs, Manners, and Laws of the Scotch Nation.' He next came to London and purchased a commission in the first regiment of life- guards. In 1777 he was 'cornet of his majesty's second troop of horse-guards,' and for about seven years he was the adjutant. He brought his regiment to a high state of efficiency, for which he received the thanks of the king and figured in print-shops as ' the tip-top adjutant.' In 1777 he published a tory ' Address to Edmund Burke on Affairs in America.' Topham soon became conspicuous in the fashionable world of London for his original style of dress and for the ease and elegance of his manners. His sartorial and other peculiarities were subsequently introduced to enliven the comedies of Frederic Reynolds [q. v.], who was Topham's guest in Suffolk in 1789 (cf. REYNOLDS, Memoirs, ii. 25-46). Meanwhile Topham associated with Wilkes, Home Tooke, the elder Colman, and Sheri- dan ; his talent as a writer of prologues and epilogues introduced him to the leading Topham 54 Topham actors of the day, and led to his appearance as a play- writer. An epilogue, spoken by Charles Lee Lewes [q. v.] in the character of Moliere's old woman, filled Drury Lane for several nights ; and another, spoken by Miss Farren, on an unlucky tragedy recently brought out at that theatre, was equally popular. He wrote an epilogue for the benefit of Mary Wells [q. v.], and their friendship soon ripened into the closest inti- macy. They lived together for several years, and four children resulted from the union (MBS. SFMBEL, Memoirs, i. 56, &c.) The plays produced by Topham during this period of his life were: 1. 'Deaf Indeed/ acted at Drury Lane in December 1780, but not printed ; a f stupid and indecent ' farce. 2. ' The Fool,' a farce in two acts, performed at Covent Garden, and printed in 1786, with a dedication to Mrs. Wells, owing to whose admirable impersonation of Laura it was well received. 3. ' Small Talk, or the West- minster Boy,' a farce, acted at Covent Gar- den for the benefit of Mrs. Wells on 11 May 1786, but not printed. The Westminster boys effectually resented this production by coming to the theatre in force and preventing it being heard. 4. ' Bonds without Judg- ment, or the Loves of Bengal,' acted for four nights at Covent Garden in May 1787, but not printed. The daily paper called < The World ' was started by Topham, partly with the object of puffing Mrs. Wells, on 1 Jan. 1787. Two of his principal colleagues in its direction were Miles Peter Andrews [q. v.] and the Rev. Charles Este; and John Bell (1745-1831) [q. v.], the publisher, had a share in the management (Hist. MSS. Comm. 14th Rep. i. 368, 378). Its ' unqualified and audacious attacks on all private characters ' were at the start ' smiled at for their quaintness, then tolerated for their absurdity,' and ultimately repudiated with disgust (GiFFORD, Baviad and Mceviad, p. xi). In it appeared accounts of* elopements, divorces, and suicides, tricked out in all the elegancies of Mr. Topham's phraseology ' (HANNAH MORE, Memoirs, ii. 77). It was in this paper that the fantastic productions of the Delia Cruscans, a small set of English poetasters dwelling for the most part at Florence, made their appear- ance [see MERRY, ROBERT]. Topham con- tributed to his paper articles under the title of ' The Schools,' in which he gave remini- scences of many of his companions at Eton, and his ' Life of the late John Elwes ' (1790) made its first appearance in its columns. This memoir of the miser (whom Topham, much to his credit, had persuaded to make a sensible will in the interest of his two illegitimate sons) passed through six editions during 1790, and in 1805 reached a twelfth edition, l corrected and enlarged, and with a new appendix.' A German translation was published at Danzig in 1791, and it was in- cluded in the ' Pamphleteer ' (xxv. 341 et seq.) Horace Walpole considered it 'one of the most amusing anecdotal books in the English language.' It is said to have raised the sale of the ' World ' by a thousand copies a day ; but an even better hit was made by the correspondence on the affairs of the prize ring between the pugilists Humphries and Mendoza. When George Nassau Clavering, third earl of Cowper, died at Florence on 22 Dec. 1789, his character was assailed with viru- lence in the ' World.' Topham was indicted for libel, and the case was tried before Buller, who pronounced the articles to have been published with intent to throw scandal on the peer's family and as tending to a breach of the peace. The proprietor was found guilty, but counsel moved for an arrest of judgment on the ground of the misdirection of the judge to the jury. It was argued at great length before the court of king's bench, and after a protracted delay Kenyon deli- vered on 29 Jan. 1791 the judgment of the court in favour of Topham (DURNFORD and EAST, Reports, iv. 126-30). By the autumn of 1790 he and Este had separated in anger. The latter had acquired a fourth share in the paper, but had surrendered it from 25 Dec. 1788 conditionally on the payment of an annuity to him. Topham claimed that its payment was dependent on the existence of the paper, and Este thereupon l opened a literary battery against him in the " Oracle." ' The printed letters are appended to a copy of Este's ' My own Life ' at the British Museum. After five years Topham disposed of his paper, abandoned Mrs. Wells for another beauty, and retired with his three surviving daughters to Wold Cottage, about two miles from Thwing in the East Riding of York- shire. It was rumoured that he intended to spend the rest of his days in farming some hundreds of acres of land and in writing the history of his own life. His kennels were con- sidered the best in England, and his greyhound Snowball was praised as l one of the best and fleetest greyhounds that ever ran,' and ' his breed all most excellent ' (MACKINTOSH, Driffield Angler, Ode to Heath}. His ' Me- moirs ' did not appear, but he published in 1804 an edition of SomervilleV Chase,' with a sketch of the author's life, preface, and annotations. While Topham was living at Wold Cot- tage a meteoric stone fell about three o'clock Topham 55 Topham on the afternoon of Sunday, 13 Dec. 1795, within two fields of his house. Part of it was exhibited at the museum of James Sowerby, London, and this piece is now in the natural history department, South Kensington Museum. Topham published * An Account ' of it in 1798, and in 1799 erected a column on the spot. The stone was 'in breadth 28 inches, in length 36 inches, and its weight was 56 pounds ' (KiNG, Sky- fallen Stones, pp. 21-22 ; SOWEEBY, British Mineralogy, ii. 3*-7*, 18*-19* ; Beauties of England, Yorkshire, pp. 398-405). Topham died at Doncaster on 26 April 1820, aged 68. He had three daughters, who were reckoned * the best horsewomen in Yorkshire.' Topham's portrait, with a pen in his hand, was painted by John Russell (1745-1806) \. v.] and engraved by Peltro William Tom- ins [q. v.] That of ' Mrs. Topham and her three children ' (1791) was also painted by Russell. They were the property of Rear- admiral Trollope (WILLIAMSON, Life of Rus- sell, pp. 40, 74, 167-8; BOADEN, Mrs. Inch- bald, i. 271). The costume, the plays, and the newspaper of Topham alike exposed him to the satire of the caricaturist. He is depicted in the Thunderer ' of Gillray (20 Aug. 1782) as a windmill, together with the Prince of Wales and Mrs. ' Perdita ' Robinson, who is said to have found refuge in his rooms when de- serted by her royal lover. In another car- toon (14 Aug. 1788) he is bringing to Pitt for payment his account for puft's and squibs against the whigs in the Westminster elec- tion. Rowlandson introduced Topham into his print of Vauxhall Gardens (28 June 1785). This was afterwards aquatinted by F. Jukes and etched by R. Pollard ( MILLER, Biogr. Sketches, i. 29-30). In other cartoons of to extinguish the genius of Holman. [Baker's Biogr. Dratnatica ; Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. History, vii. 484 ; Biogr. Diet, of Living Authors, 1816 ; Gent. Mag. 1820, i. 469 ; Ross's Celebrities of Yorkshire Wolds, pp. 163-6; Public Characters, vii. 198-212 ; Annual Biogr. 1821.. pp. 269-79 ; Bedding's Fifty Years' Re- collections, i. 80-2 ; John Taylor's Records of my Life, ii. 292-6 ; Grego's Rowlandson, i. 158, 166-7, 183, 320 ; Wright and Evans's Gillray's Caricatures, pp. 26, 378, 382-4 ; Memoirs of Mrs. Sumbel, late Wells, passim ; information from Mr. W. Aldis Wright of Trin. Coll. Cambr.] W. P. C. TOPHAM, FRANCIS WILLIAM (1808- 1877), watercolour-painter, was born at Leeds, Yorkshire, on 15 April 1808. Early in life he was articled to an uncle who was a writing engraver, but about 1830 he came to London, and at first found employment in engraving coats-of-arms. He afterwards entered the service of Messrs. Fenner & Sears, engravers and publishers, and while in their employ he became acquainted with Henry Beckwith, the engraver, whose sister he married. He next found employment with James Sprent Virtue [q.v.], the publisher, for whom he engraved some landscapes after W. H. Bartlett and Thomas Allom. He also made designs for Fisher's edition of the * Waverley Novels,' some of which he him- self engraved, and he drew on the wood illus- trations for * Pictures and Poems/ 1846, Mrs. S. C. Hall's ' Midsummer Eve/ 1848, Burns's ' Poems/ Moore's ' Melodies and Poems/ Dickens's ' Child's History of Eng- land/ and other works. Topham's training as a watercolour-painter appears to have been the outcome of his own study of nature, aided by practice at the meetings of the Artists' Society in Clipstone Street. His earliest exhibited work was ' The Rustic's Meal/ which appeared at the Royal Academy in 1832, and was followed in 1838, 1840, and 1841 by three paintings in oil-colours. In 1842 he was elected an associate of the New Society of Painters in Watercolours, of which he became a full member in 1843. He retired, however, in 1847, and in 1848 was elected a member of the 'Old' Society of Painters in Water- colours, to which he contributed a Welsh view near Capel Curig, and a subject from the Irish ballad of 'Rory O'More.' His earlier works consist chiefly of representa- tions of Irish peasant life and studies of Wales and her people. These were diversi- fied in 1850 by a scene from ' Barnaby Rudge.' Topham possessed considerable histrionic talent, and was in that year one of Dickens's company of ' splendid strollers ' who acted 'The Rent Day' of Douglas Jerrold and Bulwer Lytton's ' Not so bad as we seem.' Towards the end of 1852 he went for a few months to Spain to study the picturesque aspects of that country and its people. The earliest of his Spanish subjects appeared in 1854, when he exhibited ' Fortune Telling- Andalusia/ and 'Spanish Gipsies.' These drawings were followed by ' The Andalusian Letter- Writer' and 'The Posada' in 1855, ' Spanish Card-players ' and ' Village Mu- sician sin Brittany ''in 1857.' Spanish Gossip' in 1859, and others, chiefly Spanish. _ In the autumn of 1860 he paid a second visit to Ireland, and in 1861 exhibited ' The Angel's Whisper' and 'Irish Peasants at the Holy Well.' In 1864 he began to exhibit Italian Topham Topham drawings, sending 'Italian Peasants' and 'The Fountain at Capri,' and in 1870 'A Venetian Well.' In the winter of 1876 he again went to Spain, and, although taken ill at Madrid, pushed on to Cordova, where he died on 31 March 1877, and was buried in the protestant cemetery. Four of his drawings, ( Galway Peasants/ ' Irish Peasant Girl at the foot of a Cross/ 1 Peasants at a Fountain, Basses-Pyrenees,' and ' South Weald Church, Essex/ are in the South Kensington Museum. Several of his drawings have been engraved : ' The Spinning Wheel' and 'The Sisters at the Holy Well/ by Francis Holl, A.R.A. ; 'Irish Courtship/ by F. W. Bromley; ' Making Nets/ by T. O. Barlow, R. A. ; ' The Mother's Blessing/ by W. H. Simmons ; and ' The Angel's Whisper/ for the 'Art Journal' of 1871, by C. W. Sharpe. His son, Frank William Warwick Top- ham, is well known as a painter of figure subjects. [Roget's Hist, of the 'Old Water-colour' So- ciety, 1891, ii. 316-26; Art Journal, 1877, p. 176 ; Eoyal Academy Exhibition Catalogues, 1832-58; Exhibition Catalogues of the New Society of Painters in Watercolours, 1842-7; Exhibition Catalogues of the Society of Painters in Watercolours, 1848-77.] "E. E. G. TOPHAM, JOHN (1746-1803), anti- quary, born on 6 Jan. 1746 at Elmly, near Huddersfield, was the third son of Matthew Topham (d. 1773), vicar of Withernwick and Mapleton in Yorkshire, and of his wife Ann, daughter of Henry Willcock of Thorn- ton in Craven. Matthew was the fifth son of Christopher Topham of Caldbergh and Withernwick. John early showed an incli- nation for antiquarian study. He proceeded to London while young to fill a small ap- pointment under Philip Carteret W T ebb [q. v.], solicitor to the treasury. By his influence he obtained a place in the state paper office with Sir Joseph Ayloffe [q. v.] and Thomas Astle [q. v.] On 5 Feb. 1771 he was ad- mitted to Lincoln's Inn, and on 5 April 1779 he was elected a member of the Royal So- ciety. In May 1781 he was appointed a deputy-keeper of the state papers, and in April 1783 a commissioner in bankruptcy (Gent. Mag. 1781 p. 244, 1783 i. 367). On 19 March 1787 he became a bencher of Gray's Inn, and on 29 Nov. was elected treasurer of the Society of Antiquaries, to which he had been admitted a fellow in 1767 (FOSTER, Reg. of Admissions to Gray's Inn, p. 393; Gent. Mag. 1787, ii. 1119). About 1790 he became librarian to the arch- bishop of Canterbury, in succession to Michael Lort [q. v.] He also filled the offices of registrar to the charity for the relief of poor widows and children of clergymen and of treasurer to the orphan charity school. He died without issue at Cheltenham on 19 Aug. 1803, and was buried in Gloucester Cathe- dral, where a marble monument was erected to him in the nave (FOSBROKE, History of Gloucester City, 1819, p. 141). On 20 Aug. 1794 he married Mary, daughter and co- heiress of Mr. Swinden of Greenwich, Kent. Besides making numerous contributions to the ' Archseologia ' of the Society of Anti- quaries, Topham rendered important services to historians by his work among the state papers. Together with Philip Morant [q. v.], Richard Blyke [q. v.], and Thomas Astle he collected and arranged the ' Rotuli Parlia- mentorum' from 1278 to 1503, published for the record commission, to which he was secretary, in six volumes between 1767 and 1777. In 1775 he edited Francis Gregor's translation of Sir John Fortescue's ' De Laudibus Legum Anglise ' and (in collabo- ration with Richard Blyke) Sir John Glan- vill's ' Reports of certain Cases . . . de- termined ... in Parliament in the twenty- first and twenty-second years of James I/ to w r hich he prefixed ' an historical account of the ancient right of determining cases upon controverted elections.' In 1781 the Society of Antiquaries published a tract by him entitled ' A Description of an Antient Picture in Windsor Castle representing the Embarkation of King Henry VIII at Dover, May 31, 1520 ' (London, 8vo), and in 1787 he contributed ' Observations on the Ward- robe Accounts of the twenty-eighth year of King Edward I' [1299-1300] to the ' Liber Quotidianus Contrarotulatoris Garderobae/ published by the same society under his direc- tion. Topham's library was sold in 1804, and several of his manuscripts were purchased by the British Museum. Among these may be mentioned the Topham charters, in fifty-six volumes, relating to lands granted to various religious houses in England (SiMS, Hand- book, p. 150). [Poulson's History of Holderness, i. 474 ; Gent. Mag. 1794 ii. 765, 18G3 ii. 794; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. x. 366, 415 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes, iii. 202, 206, 250, viii. 134; Nichols's Lit. Illustr. vol. vi. passim.] E. I. C. TOPHAM, THOMAS (1710P-1749), known as ' the strong man/ was born in London about 1710, and was the son of a carpenter who apprenticed him to his own trade. In early life he was landlord of the Red Lion Inn, near old St. Luke's Hos- pital, and, though he there failed in busi- ness, soon gained profit and notoriety by his Topham 57 Toplady feats of strength. His first public exhibition consisted in pulling- against a horse while lying on his back with his feet against the dwarf wall that divided Upper and Lower Moorfields. On 10 July 1734, a concert at Stationers' Hall, given for his benefit, was diversified by his herculean performances, and the woodcut on an extant programme (Burney Coll., Brit. Mus.) shows the strong man lying extended between two chairs, with a glass of wine in his right hand, and five gentlemen standing on his body. About this time, or later, he became landlord of the Duke's Head, a public-house in Cadd's Row (afterwards St. Alban's Place), near Islington Green. Topham exhibited in Ireland (April 1737) and Scotland, and at Macclesfield in Cheshire so impressed the corporation by his feats that they gave him a purse of gold and made him a free burgess. At Derby he rolled up a pewter dish of seven pounds 'as a man rolls up a sheet of j>aper ;' twisted a kitchen spit round the neck of a local ostler who had insulted him, and lifted the portly vicar of All Saints with one hand, he himself lying on two chairs with four people standing on his body, which (we are told) he ' heaved at pleasure.' He further entertained the com- pany with the song of < Mad Tom,' though in a voice l more terrible than sweet. ' On 28 May 1741, to celebrate the taking of Portobello by Admiral Vernon, he per- formed at the Apple Tree Inn, formerly op- posite Coldbath Fields prison, London, in the presence of the admiral and numerous spectators. Here, standing on a wooden stage, he raised several inches from the ground three hogsheads of water weighing 1,836 pounds, using for the purpose a strong rope and tackle passing over his shoulders. This performance is represented in an etching published by W. H. Toms in July 1741, from a drawing by C. Leigh (cf. woodcut in PIKKS'S Clerkenwell, p. 78). One night he is said to have carried a watchman in his box from Chiswell Street till he finally dropped his sleeping burden over the wall of Bunhill Fields burying-ground. Once, in the Hackney Road, he held back a horse and cart in spite of the driver's efforts to proceed. Dr. Desaguliers records, among other feats of Topham's witnessed by him, the bending of a large iron poker nearly to a right angle by striking it upon his bare left arm. In 1745, having left Islington, he was established as master of the Bell and Dragon, an inn in Hog Lane, St. Leonard's, Shore- ditch. Here he exhibited for his usual charge of a shilling a head. Topham was about five feet ten inches in height, muscular and well made, but he walked with a slight limp. He is said to have been usually of a mild disposition ; but, excited to frenzy by the infidelity of his wife, he stabbed her and then wounded himself so severely that he died a few days afterwards at the Bell and Dragon on 10 Aug. 1749. He was buried in the church of St. Leonard's, Shoreditch. Topham was a freemason and a member of the Strong Man Lodge (Notes and Queries, 5th ser. vi. 194). A dish of hard pewter, rolled up by Topham on 3 April 1737, is preserved in the British Museum, and is marked with the names of Dr. Desaguliers and others who witnessed the performance (cf. CEOMWELL, Islington, p. 245). [Nelson's Islington; contemporary newspaper advertisements, reprinted by J. H. Burn in 1841, and inserted in the Brit. Mus. copy of Nelson's book ; Coutt's Hist, and Traditions of Islington, 1861 ; Button's Hist, of Derby ; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. vi. 193, 194; Pinks's Clerkenwell, 1881, pp. 77-8 ; Cromwell's Isling- ton, pp. 243-7 ; Kirby's Wonderful Museum, 1 803 ; Wilson's Eccentric Mirror, vol. iii. (1 807) ; Fairholt's Remarkable and Eccentric Characters, 1849, pp. 47-57.] W. W. TOPLADY, AUGUSTUS MONTAGUE (1740-1778), divine, was the son of Richard Toplady, a major in the army, by Catherine, daughter of Dr. Bate of Canterbury. His mother's brother Julius, rector of St. Paul's, Deptford, was a well-known Hutchinsonian. Augustus Montague was born at Farnham, Surrey, on 4 Nov. 1740. His father dying at the siege of Carthagena (1741), he grew up under his mother's care, and was a short time at Westminster school. There is a delightful journal by the boy describing his mother's fondness, his uncle's cross speeches, and containing some boyish prayers and ser- mons (Christian Observer, September 1830). On his mother's removal to Ireland in 1755 he was entered at Trinity College, Dublin, and graduated there in 1760. One August evening in 1755 or 1756 (he gives both years at different times ; see Works, vi. 199, 207) he was converted by a sermon from James Morris, a follower of Wesley, in a barn at Cody main. His views then were those of Wesley, to whom he wrote a humble letter, criticising some of Hervey's opinions, in 1758 (TYEKMAN, Life of Wesley, ii. 315). But this same year came his change to the extreme Calvinism of which he was the fiercest defender. He was ordained deacon by the bishop of Bath and Wells on 5 June 1762, and licensed to the curacy of Blagdon. After his ordination as priest on 16 June 1764, he became curate of Farleigh, Hunger- Toplady Toplady luct. >4 ford. Either by purchase or some practice which afterwards troubled his conscience, the benefice of Harpford with Venn-Ottery was obtained for him in 1766. He exchanged it in 1768 for Broad Hembury, which he held till his death. Outside the circle of his immediate friends Ambrose Serle, Sir Richard Hill, Berridge, | and Romaine Toplady mixed freely with j men of all denominations and even general society. He corresponded with Mrs. Catha- rine Macaulay [q. v.], and was acquainted with Johnson. One of his letters contains an anecdote of an evening with them, in which Johnson, in order to tease Mrs. Macaulay about her republican views, invited her foot- man to sit down with them. ' Your mis- tress will not be angry. We are all on a level ; sit down, Henry.' Toplady was the author of the fine hymn, ' Rock of ages cleft | for me/ which was published in the ' Gospel | Magazine ' in October 1775, probably soon after it was written, although a local tradi- j tion associates its symbolism with a rocky j gorge in the parish of Blagdon, his first curacy (JULIAN, Diet, of Hymnoloyy, p. 970). It does not appear in his early volume, ( Poems on Sacred Subjects/ 1759. It was translated into Latin by Mr. Gladstone in!839. Mont- gomery puts Toplady's hymns on a level with those of Charles Wesley, but that is too high an estimate. The best, after l Rock of Ages,' is i Deathless Principle, arise/ a soliloquy to the soul of the type of Pope's ' Vital Spark.' Of the contemporary Calvinist writers Toplady was the keenest, raciest, and best equipped philosophically. His best book is * The Historic Proof of the Doctrinal Cal- vinism of the Church of England' (1774), a presentation of the subject from the times of the apostolic fathers to those of the Caroline divines, full of quotations, acute, incisive, and brilliant. But it is the brief of a controversialist. The unpardonable blot in all his writings is his controversial venom against Wesley and his followers. The wrangle began after Toplady had published a translation of a Latin treatise by Jerorn Zanchius on Calvinism, 1769. Wesley pub- lished an abridgment of this piece for the use of the methodist societies, summarising it in conclusion with contemptuous coarse- ness : l The sum of all this : one in twenty (suppose) of mankind are elected : nineteen in twenty are reprobated. The elect shall be saved, do what they will : the reprobate shall be damned, do what they can. Wit- ness my hand, A T .' Toplady replied in 'A Letter to Mr. Wesley' (1770), charging him with clandestine printing, coarseness, evasiveness, unfairness, and raking together stories against Wesley's general conduct. Wesley reiterated his estimate in ' The Con- sequence proved ' (1771). Toplady replied in < More Work for Mr. Wesley ' (1772). He had, he said, kept the manuscript by him ' some weeks, with a view to striking out what might savour of undue asperity,' but it con- tains sentences like these : Wesley's tract is ' a known, wilful, palpable lie to the public.' ' The satanic guilt ... is only equalled by the satanic shamelessness.' After this Wesley declined to * fight with chimney-sweepers,' and left the ' exquisite coxcomb,' as he terms Toplady, to Walter Sellon, against whom Toplady raged in l The Historic Proof.' Until disease stopped him Toplady never ceased to hound Wesley in the ' Gospel Magazine,' of which he was editor from December 1775 to June 1776 ; and in l An old Fox tarred and feathered' he brackets with malicious delight the passages from Johnson's ' Taxation no Tyranny,' which Wesley has transferred with- out acknowledgment to his l Calm Address to the American People ' (1775). There was venom among Wesley's followers also. In 1775 signs of consumption necessitated Toplady's removal from his living at Broad Hembury, under leave of non-residence, to London. There he ministered in the French Calvinist reformed church in Orange Street. When he was in the last stage of consump- tion a story reached him that he was reported to have changed some of his sentiments, and to wish to see Wesley and revoke them. He appeared suddenly 'in the Orange Street pulpit on 14 June 1778, and preached a ser- mon published the following week as ' The Rev. Mr. Toplady's dying avowal of his Re- ligious Sentiments,' in which he affirmed his belief, and declares that of all his religious and controversial writings (especially those relating to Wesley) he would not strike out a single line. Toplady died of consumption on 14 Aug. 1778. Subsequently Sir Richard Hill appealed to Wesley about a story, said to emanate from a curate of Fletcher, that his old enemy had died in black despair, uttering the most horrible blasphemies. Hill enclosed a solemn denial of the calumny, signed by thirteen witnesses of his last hours. Toplady was buried in Tottenham Court Chapel, where a marble tablet, with the motto Eock of Ages cleft for me, Let me hide myself in Thee, was erected to his memory. Rowland Hill, apparently unsolicited, pronounced a eulogy on him at the funeral. Toplady's other works include : 1. l The Church of England vindicated from the Charge of Arminianism,' 1769. 2. 'The Scheme of Christian and Philosophical Ne- Topley 59 Topsell cessity asserted,' 1775. 3. ' A Collection of Hymns for Public and Private Worship/ 1776. 4. 'A Course of Prayer/ 1790? (sixteen later editions). [Memoirs, 1778; Works, with Memoir by W. Kow, 1794, 2nd edit. 1825; Memoir, by W. Winters, 1872; Gent. Mag. 1778 p. 335, 1814 ii. 433 ; Smith's Hist, of Farnham.] H. L. B. TOPLEY, WILLIAM (184 1-1 894), geo- logist, the son of William Topley of Wool- wich by his wife Carolina Georgina Jeans, was born at Greenwich on 13 March 1841. After receiving an education at private schools the son became a student at the i royal school of mines from 1858 to 1862, and in the following year was appointed an assistant geologist on the geological survey. He began his work in the field under the direction of Dr. Le Neve Foster, with whom and other helpers he was for some time en- gaged on the survey of the Weald. When this interesting but difficult task was com- pleted, Topley was entrusted with the pre- paration of the memoir in which their labours were embodied. The book was published in 1875, and its value as a work of reference was at once recognised. But prior to this, in 1865, he and Foster had published in the 1 Quarterly Journal of the Geological So- ciety' (xxi. 443) a paper on the * Valley of the Medway and the Denudation of the Weald.' Its clear statement of facts and lucid reasoning closed a long controversy, and proved the physical structure of the Weald to be the result of subaerial denuda- tion' in other words, due to the action of rain and rivers. On the conclusion of his field work in the south, Topley, who in 1868 was promoted to the rank of geologist, was sent to the north of England, and employed in surveying the carboniferous rocks and the glacial drifts around Alnwick and Morpeth. While thus engaged he studied, in conjunction with Pro- fessor Lebour, the great sheet of intrusive basalt called the Whin Sill, the result being another important communication to the Geo- logical Society (Quarterly Journal, xxxiii. 406). From time to time Topley revisited the scene of his former labours in the south of England. He was consulted about 1872 on the project of boring in search of the palaeozoic rocks at Battle in Sussex, and occasionally visited the locality to report progress, 'in 1880 he was recalled from Northumberland to the survey office in Lon- don to superintend the publication of maps and memoirs, and in 1893 was placed in full charge of that office. Besides this he was secretary from 1872 to 1888 of the geological section at the meetings of the British Asso- ciation, and in 1888 of the international geological congress on occasion of its meet- ing in London. From 1887 to 1889 he was editor of the < Geological Record/ and from 1885 to 1887 was president of the Geologists' Association, besides serving on the councils and committees of many societies. He also took the chief part in preparing the British section for the geological map of Europe, now being published as a result of the in- ternational congress, and aided in making the small map of that continent which ap- peared in the 'Geology' written by Sir Joseph Prestwich. Topley had always paid attention to the practical as well as to the scientific aspect of geology, so that his advice was often sought in questions of water supply, the search for coal or petroleum, hygiene, the erosion of coasts, geological topography, and the agricultural value of soils questions on which he wrote from time to time. But he was not only a geologist, for he was also much interested in botany, and had a good knowledge of English literature. Besides being a member of various foreign societies, he was elected in 1862 a fellow of the Geo- logical Society, in 1874 an associate of the Institute of Civil Engineers, and became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1888. He was also an examiner in geology at the New- castle college of science and for the science and art department. In the early autumn of 1894 he attended the meeting of the international geological congress at Zurich, from which he went on to Algiers. He died at his residence at Croydon on 30 Sept. 1894. In 1867 he married Ruth Whiteman, who, with one son, survived him. [Obituary notice (with portrait) by H. B. Woodward in Geological Mag. 1894, p. 570 (pri- vately reprinted in enlarged form); also (by Professor A. H. Green) Proc. Koyal Soe. LIX. p. Ixix, and (by W. Whitaker) Proc. Inst. Civil Eng. cxix. pt. i. ; information from Mrs. Topley and personal knowledge.] T. G. B. TOPSELL, EDWARD (d. 1638?), divine and author, although he designated himself M.A. on the title-pages of his publi- cations, does not figure in the official lists of graduates of Oxford or Cambridge Uni- versity. He took holy orders, and was in- ducted into the rectory of East Hoathly, Sussex, in June 1596. In the same year he first appeared in print as author of ' The Reward of Religion. Delivered in sundrie Lectures upon the Booke of Ruth/ 1596 (London, by John Windell, 8vo). This work Topsell dedicated to Margaret, lady Dacres of the South, and there are prefatory verses by William Attersoll. It proved sum- Topsell Torkington ciently popular for a second edition to appear in 1601, and a third in 1613. Topsell held the living of East Hoathly for two years, and afterwards secured much influential patronage. In 1599 he issued ( Time's La- mentation, or an exposition of the prophet Joel in sundry [427] sermons or medita- tions' (London, by E. Bollifant for G. Potter, 4to). He dedicated the book to Charles Blount, lord Mountjoy, whom he described ' as the meane of his preferment.' Many passages in the volume denounce fashionable vices and frivolities. On 7 April 1604 he was licensed to the perpetual curacy of St. Botolph, Aldersgate (NEW- COURT, Rcpertorium, i. 916; HENNESSY, Novum Repertorium, p. 105), and seems to have retained that benefice till his death. But he accepted other preferment during the period. For one year, 1605-6, he was vicar of Mayfield, Sussex ; from May 1610 to May 1615 he was vicar of East Grinstead, on the presentation of Richard Sackville, earl of Dorset (Sussex Archaeological Collec- tions, xx. 147, cf. xxvi. 69; STENNING, Notes on East Grinstead, 1885). He de- scribed himself in 1610 as ' chaplain ' of Hartfield in his book entitled ' The House- holder, or Perfect Man. Preached in three sermons' (London, by Henry Rockyt, 1610, 16mo). Topsell dedicated the volume to the Earl of Dorset and his wife Anne, as well as to four neighbouring ' householders/ Anthony Browne, Viscount Montague of Cowdray, Sampson Lennard of Hurstmon- ceaux, Thomas Pelham of Halland, and Richard Blount of Dedham. Topsell's chief title to fame is as the com- piler of two elaborate manuals of zoology, which were drawn mainly from the works of Conrad Gesner. Topsell reflected the cre- dulity of his age, but his exhaustive account of the prevailing zoological traditions and beliefs gives his work historical value. The quaint and grotesque illustrations which form attractive features of Topsell's volumes are exact reproductions of those which adorned Gesner's volumes. Topsell's first and chief zoological publication was entitled ' The His- toric of Foure-footed Beastes, describing the true and lively Figure of every Beast . . . collected out of all the Volumes of C. Gesner and all other Writers of the Present Day,' London, by W. Jaggard, 1607, fol. ; this was dedicated to Richard Neile, dean of West- minster. On some title-pages a hyena is figured, on others a gorgon. A very long list of classical authorities is prefixed, but the English writer Blundeville is quoted in the exhaustive section on the horse. Top- sell's second zoological work was ' The His- toric of Serpents. Or the Seconde Booke of living Creatures,' London, by W. Jaggard, 1608, fol. : this was also dedicated to Richard Neile, dean of Westminster. Topsell's two volumes, his histories of Foure-footed Beasts ' and ' Serpents,' were edited for reissue in 1658 by John Rowland, M.D. ' The Theatre of Insects,' by Thomas Moffett [q. v.], was appended. Topsell seems to have died in 1638, when a successor was appointed to him as curate of St. Botolph, Aldersgate. A license was granted him on 12 Aug. 1612 to marry Mary Seaton of St. Ann and Agnes, Aldersgate, widow of Gregory Seaton, a stationer (CHES- TER, Marriage Licenses, 1351). [Topsell's "Works Brydges's British Biblio- grapher, i. 560 ; authorities cited.] S. L. TORKINGTON, SIR RICHARD (jtf. 1517), English priest and pilgrim, was presented in 1511 to the rectory of Mulberton in Norfolk by Sir Thomas Boleyn (afterwards Earl of Wiltshire), father of Anne Boleyn. In 1517 he went on pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and of his journey he has left an account. He started from Rye in Sussex on 20 March 1517, passed through Dieppe, Paris, Lyons, and St. Jean de Maurienne, crossed the Mont Cenis into Italy, and, after some stay in Turin, Milan, and Pavia, reached Venice on 29 April. Here he em- barked for Syria on 14 June, after witnessing the 'marriage of the Adriatic ' and observing the activity of the Venetian arsenal in the building of new ships. Twenty-three new galleys were then being constructed; more than a thousand workmen were employed upon these, and a hundred hands were busy at ropemaking alone. The Venetian artil- lery, both naval and military, Torkington de- scribes as formidable. Torkington's voyage from Venice to Jaffa was by way of Corfu, Zante, Cerigo, and Crete. He sighted Pales- tine on 11 July, and landed (at Jaffa) on the 15th ; reached Jerusalem on the 19th, and stayed there till the 27th. He was lodged in the Hospital of St. James on Mount Sion, and visited all the places of Christian interest in or near the holy city, including Bethle- hem. His return to England was more troubled than his outward passage. He was detained a month in Cyprus ; was left behind ill at Rhodes, where he had to stay six weeks ; had a stormy voyage from Rhodes to South Italy, and, though he left Jaffa on 31 July 1517, did not reach Dover till 17 April 1518. He considered his pilgrimage ended at the shrine of St. Thomas in Can- terbury, and reckoned that it took him a year, five weeks, and three days. While sick Torphichen 61 Torr in Rhodes (September-October 1517) he was under the care of the knights of St. John, who were soon after driven out by the Turks (1522). In Corfu (February 1517) he wit- nessed a Jewish wedding, which he describes; and in Lower Italy he visited Messina, Reggio, Salerno, Naples, and Rome, making his way back to his own country by Calais and the Straits of Dover. He complains much of Turkish misrule and annoyance in Palestine. His credulity is well up to the average in the matter of relics and sacred sites ; thus his book ends with a reference to the ' Dome of the Rock ' as the veritable Temple of Herod. In Pavia he saw the tomb of Lionel of Antwerp, the second son of Edward III, whose remains were afterwards moved to England. His account remained in manuscript till 1883. There are two extant transcripts of the original in the British Museum (Addit. MSS. 28561 and 28562) ; the former is of the sixteenth century, the latter was made late in the eighteenth century by Robert Bell Wheler [q. v.] of Stratford-on-Avon, who also described the text in the ' Gentle- man's Magazine' for October 1812. Tork- ington's diary was printed in 1883 by W. J. Loftie, with the title of the ' Oldest Diary of English Travel' (see also Infor- mation for Pilgrims, ed. E. G. Dun ). From the ' Information for Pilgrims ' published in 1498, 1515, and 1524, Torkington appa- rently copies his description of Crete, in- cluding the wrong reference to * Acts ' in- stead of ' Titus ' for St. Paul's condemna- tion of the Cretans. His account of the wonders of the Holy Land, of Venice, and the various things seen between Venice and Jaffa agrees almost verbatim with Pynson's edition of Sir Richard Guildforde's 'Pilgrim Narrative ' (1506-7, printed in 1511), written by Guildforde's chaplain. [Brit. Mus. Addit. MSS. 28561, 28562 ; Loftie's edit, of the Oldest Diary of English Travel, 1883.] C. E. B. TORPHICHEN, LOBDS. [See SANDI- LANDS, JAMES, first lord, d. 1579 ; SANDI- LANDS, JAMES, seventh lord, d. 1753.] TORPORLEY, NATHANIEL (1564- 1632), mathematician, was born in Shrop- shire in 1564, probably at Shrewsbury, as he was admitted to Shrewsbury free gram- mar school as an ' oppidan' in 1571 (CAL- TERT, Shrewsbury School Eegestum Scho- larium, p. 41). He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, 17 Nov. 1581, as a ' plebeian/ and graduated B.A. on 5 Feb. 1583-4, and proceeded M.A. from Brasenose College (so WOOD) on 8 July 1591. Entering into holy orders, he was appointed rector of Salwarpe in Worcestershire on 14 June 1608, which living he held until 1622 (NASH, Worcester- Jtei 338 ~ 9 )- H e also occurs as rector ot Liddmgton, Wiltshire, in 1611, though he seems to have resided chiefly at Sion Col- lege, London. Torporley acquired a singular knowledge of mathematics and astronomy, and attracted the notice of that ' generous favourer of all good learning,' Henry Percy, ninth earl of Northumberland [q. v.], who for several years gave him an annual pension from his own purse. On 27 Nov. 1605, just after the discovery of the gunpowder plot, Torporley was examined by the council for having cast the king's nativity (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1603-1610, p. 263). For two or more years he resided in France, and was amanuensis to the celebrated mathematician Francis Viete of Fontenay, against whom he pub- lished a pamphlet under the name of Poul- terey. He died in Sion College, London, and was buried in St. Alphege's Church on 17 April 1632. He left a nuncupative will, dated 14 April 1632, by which he bequeathed to the library of Sion College all his mathema- tical books, astronomical instruments, notes, maps, and a brass clock. Among these books were some manuscripts which still remain in Sion College. These include ' Congestor : Opus Mathematicum/ ' Philosophia,'